|
ÏîÄ¿Ãû³Æ: python:
ÂÛ̳: ä¯ÀÀÂÛ̳
¹ÜÀí
By: ccba ( ²ÌÎÄÁÁ ) BBS ˮľÇ廪վ [ reply ] 2002-05-10 14:35
|
ʱ¼ä[May 10 14:22] ×ÜÈËÊý [ 2987 ] [Y£ºY] ʹÓÃÕß[chinagnu] Í£Áô[ 0: 8]
·¢ÐÅÈË: MoneyMaker (ÖÁÈËÎÞ¼º), ÐÅÇø: Linux
±ê Ìâ: PythonµÄÓÅÊÆ
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: BBS ˮľÇ廪վ (Fri Jul 14 10:55:33 2000)
ż¶ûÔÚBBSÉÏ¿´¼ûÓÐÈËÌáÆðPython£¬µ«ÊÇ»ù±¾ÉÏÿÈË»ØÓ¦£¬Õâʱ×ܸоõ±È½Ï±¯°§
£¨ËùνÒÅÖéÖ®º¶£©£¬ËùÒÔÎÒÅ×שÒýÓñ£¬ÏÈ̸̸¶ÔPythonµÄÈÏʶ£¬µ«ÓÉÓÚ¶ÔPython
Ò²ÊÇÂÔÖªÒ»¶þ£¬Çë´ó¼Ò¶à¶àÖ¸½Ì¡£
Python×ܵÄÀ´ËµÊÇÒ»ÖÖ½âÊÍÐÍ¡¢ÃæÏò¶ÔÏóµÄÓïÑÔ¡£
ÏÈ´µÒ»´µËûµÄºÃ´¦£º
¡¤½âÊÍÆ÷ºÍºÜ¶à¿â¶¼ÊÇOpenSource£¬µ«ÊÇLicense¶¼±È½Ï¿íËÉ£¬¿ÉÊÊÓÃÓÚ¸÷ÖÖÇé¿ö£»
¡¤½âÊÍÆ÷·Ç³£Îȶ¨£¬ÓÃPython£«À©Õ¹PythonÄ£¿é×÷µÄZope£¨Ò»¸öÃæÏò¶ÔÏóµÄ
Application Server£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó×öWebServer£©£¬ÓÐÈËÅÜÁË10¸öÔ£¨7¡Á24£©
²»³öÎÊÌ⣬ºóÀ´ÒòÉý¼¶Zope²ÅÖØÆðÒ»´Î¡£±Ï¾¹PythonÒ²ÊÇ·¢Õ¹ÁËÊ®¼¸ÄêµÄ¶¬¶¬£»
¡¤Æ½Ì¨Î޹أ¨³ý·ÇʹÓÃƽ̨Ïà¹ØµÄÄ£¿é£©£¬BSD¡¢MacOS¡¢Irix¡¢SunOS/Solaris¡¢
Win32¡¢»¹ÓÐһЩ´óÐÍ»úϵͳ¶¼Ö§³Ö£»
¡¤¶ÔÃæÏò¶ÔÏóµÄÖ§³Ö£¬Ïñ·â×°£¬¼Ì³Ð£¬¶à̬µÈµÈÒ»¸ö¶¼²»ÉÙ£»
¡¤Ö§³ÖModule£¨ÏóJavaµÄPackage£©£¬¿É·â×°ÐÔ¸üÇ¿£»
¡¤ÍêÈ«µÄ¶¯Ì¬°ó¶¨£¬ÏóÀà¡¢ÀàµÄ³ÉÔ±£¨°üÀ¨Êý¾ÝºÍ¹ý³Ì£©¡¢ÃüÃûµÈ¶¼ÊǶ¯Ì¬°ó¶¨µÄ£»
¡¤Óï·¨¼ò½à£¬¿É¶ÁÐԷdz£ºÃ£¬PythonÓÃËõ½ø±íʾ²ã´Î£¬¶øÇÒÓï·¨¹æÔò±È½Ï¾«Á¶£»
ÎÒ¾ÙÒ»¸ö¼òµ¥µÄÀý×Ó£¬ÔÚLinuxÏÂÓÐMD5SumµÄ³ÌÐò¼ÆËãÎļþµÄMD5ÕªÒª£¨ÏÂÁËISO
Ò»¶¨Òª¼ìÑéร©£¬µ«ÔÚWindowsÏÂûÓÐÏֳɵģ¬ÓÚÊÇÎÒÓÃÁ˼¸·ÖÖÓдÁËÒ»¸ö£º
#########################¿ªÊ¼#########################
import md5,sys
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(35%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
import md5,sys
filename=sys.argv[1]
a=md5.new()
file=open(filename,'rb')
while 1:
buffer=file.read(65536)
if len(buffer)>0:
a.update(buffer)
else:break
del file
r=a.digest()
s=''
for i in range(0,16):
t=hex(ord(r[i]))
if len(t)<4:
s=s+'0'
s=s+t[2:]
print s
#########################½áÊø#########################
µ±È»³ÌÐò¼òµ¥£¬²»×ãÒÔ˵Ã÷PythonÃæÏò¶ÔÏóµÄÌØÐÔ£¬µ«¿´ÆðÀ´¸Ð¾õ»¹ÊǺÜˬ¡£
¡¤À©Õ¹ÐԷdz£ºÃ£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃC/C£«£«Ð´Ä£¿é£¨ÔÚWin32ÏÂΪDll£©£¬ºÍPerl²î²»¶à£¬
ÎÒÔø¾×ö¹ýºÃ¼¸¸öÀ©Õ¹Ä£¿é£¬¿ª·¢·Ç³£¼òµ¥¡£
¡¤Ç¶Èë±ðµÄ³ÌÐò·Ç³£ÈÝÒ×£¬Ö»Òª½«PythonµÄÒ»¸öÄ£¿éÁ¬½øÄãµÄÖ÷³ÌÐò¼´¿É£¬µ«ÓÃ
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(56%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
¡¤Ç¶Èë±ðµÄ³ÌÐò·Ç³£ÈÝÒ×£¬Ö»Òª½«PythonµÄÒ»¸öÄ£¿éÁ¬½øÄãµÄÖ÷³ÌÐò¼´¿É£¬µ«ÓÃ
VB£¬³ýÁË×Ô¼ºÀ´½âÊÍVB£¡£¡£¡£¬ÎÒ²»ÖªµÀÔõÑùǶÈ뵽ϵͳÖС£
¡¤PyhtonµÄÄ£¿é¿â·Ç³£·á¸»£¨ºÍPerl²î²»¶à°É£¬µ±È»PerlµÄÄ£¿é£¬PythonµÄÄ£¿é
¸ÄÒ»¸ÄÓ¦¸Ã¿ÉÒÔ»»Óðɣ¿¶¼ÊÇC/C++µÄ˵£©£¬ÄÚ´æ´¦Àí¡¢IO¡¢½ø³ÌÏ̡߳¢¼ÓÃÜ¡¢
Êý¾Ý¿â¡¢ÍøÂ磨µ×²ãµÄSocketºÍ±ê×¼µÄHttp¡¢ftpµÈ¶¼ÓУ©£¬ÖµµÃÒ»ÌáµÄÊÇ£¬¾ÓÈ»ÓÐ
·ÖÎöPythonÓïÑԵĿ⡢¶ÔÏó´æ´¢µÄ¿â£¨Êý¾ÝºÍ·½·¨¶¼¿ÉÒԴ棡£©£»
¡¤»¹ÅäºÏJPython£¨½«Python±àÒëΪJava ByteCode£©¡¢StacklessPython£¨Ò»ÖÖ¼ÓËÙµÄ
Python½âÊÍÆ÷£©µÈÏîÄ¿½øÒ»²½ÍÚ¾òÓ¦Óã»
¡¤¹ØÓÚXMLµÄÖ§³Ö£¬Æäʵûʲô¿É˵µÄ£¬·´ÕýÈçÓÐÒ»¸öC/C£«£«µÄ¶¬¶¬£¬½«Æä¸ã³ÉPython
µÄÄ£¿é²»ÊǺܷѾ¢£¬ÏÖÔÚ¾ÍÓкü¸¸ö£¬ÏóExpact¾Í±»¸ã½øÈ¥ÁË£»
²»¹ýÓÐÈËÆÀ¼ÛPythonËٶȱȽÏÂý£¬StacklessPythonµÈŬÁ¦Ó¦¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¸ÄÉÆ£¬
²»¹ýÍêÈ«¶¯Ì¬°ó¶¨±Ø½«¸¶³ö´ú¼Û£¬·´Õý¹Ø¼üËã·¨¿ÉÓà C/C£«£«¸ã³ÉÄ£¿é¡£
PythonÊÇÈç´ËÓÅÐ㣬µ«ÖªµÀµÄÈËÈ·ºÜÉÙ£¬ËüÔÚWebServer¶ËºÍLinux¡¢BSDµÈµØϵͳ
¹ÜÀíÖÐÓõñȽ϶࣬ÆäʵËûÈç´ËÇ¿´ó£¬ºÜ¶à»·¾³¶¼¿ÉÒÔÊÊÓã¬ÕæÊÇ¿Éϧ£¬Îҷdz£ÍƼö
ÔÚϵͳÖÐǶÈëPythonÖ§³ÖÀ´¼ò»¯¶þ´Î¿ª·¢£¨Kick VB£©£¬»¹ÓÐPythonµÄÈ«¶¯Ì¬°ó¶¨£¬·Ç³£
ÊʺÏWebµÄ¿ª·¢¡£
²»ÖªµÀÓÐûÓÐÈËÔ¸ÒâºÍÎÒÒ»Æð½øÐÐPythonµÄÍƹ㣬ÎÒ¸öÈ˵ÄÁ¦Á¿Ì«Ð¡ÁË£¬Ê±¼ä²»¹»
£¬
¼¼ÊõÓֲÐèÒª´ó¼ÒÒ»ÆðÀ´Å¬Á¦¡£
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(88%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
µÄÄ£¿é²»ÊǺܷѾ¢£¬ÏÖÔÚ¾ÍÓкü¸¸ö£¬ÏóExpact¾Í±»¸ã½øÈ¥ÁË£»
²»¹ýÓÐÈËÆÀ¼ÛPythonËٶȱȽÏÂý£¬StacklessPythonµÈŬÁ¦Ó¦¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¸ÄÉÆ£¬
²»¹ýÍêÈ«¶¯Ì¬°ó¶¨±Ø½«¸¶³ö´ú¼Û£¬·´Õý¹Ø¼üËã·¨¿ÉÓà C/C£«£«¸ã³ÉÄ£¿é¡£
PythonÊÇÈç´ËÓÅÐ㣬µ«ÖªµÀµÄÈËÈ·ºÜÉÙ£¬ËüÔÚWebServer¶ËºÍLinux¡¢BSDµÈµØϵͳ
¹ÜÀíÖÐÓõñȽ϶࣬ÆäʵËûÈç´ËÇ¿´ó£¬ºÜ¶à»·¾³¶¼¿ÉÒÔÊÊÓã¬ÕæÊÇ¿Éϧ£¬Îҷdz£ÍƼö
ÔÚϵͳÖÐǶÈëPythonÖ§³ÖÀ´¼ò»¯¶þ´Î¿ª·¢£¨Kick VB£©£¬»¹ÓÐPythonµÄÈ«¶¯Ì¬°ó¶¨£¬·Ç³£
ÊʺÏWebµÄ¿ª·¢¡£
²»ÖªµÀÓÐûÓÐÈËÔ¸ÒâºÍÎÒÒ»Æð½øÐÐPythonµÄÍƹ㣬ÎÒ¸öÈ˵ÄÁ¦Á¿Ì«Ð¡ÁË£¬Ê±¼ä²»¹»
£¬
¼¼ÊõÓֲÐèÒª´ó¼ÒÒ»ÆðÀ´Å¬Á¦¡£
¡¾×¢¡¿£ºPythonµÄÍøÖ· http://www.python.org />
ZopeµÄÍøÖ· http://www.zope.org />
ÔÚhttp://statms.stat.pku.edu.cn/~ldf/(±±´óÊýѧѧԺ À·çÀÏʦµÄÖ÷
Ò³)
ÉÏÓÐһЩ¶ÔPythonµÄ½éÉÜ£¬ÓеĻ¹ÊÇÖÐÎĵġ£
ÁíÍâºÃÏñscaner@smth ¶ÔPython±È½Ï¾«Í¨.
ÎÒµÄemail£º [email protected] »¶Ó´ó¼Ò½»Á÷¡£
|
By: ccba ( ²ÌÎÄÁÁ ) RE: BBS ˮľÇ廪վ [ reply ] 2002-05-12 04:14
|
·¢ÐÅÈË: mikky (ЦÎûÎû), ÐÅÇø: Python
±ê Ìâ: Re: ÖÐÎÄ£ºpython-tutorial
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: BBS ˮľÇ廪վ (Tue Mar 27 23:27:13 2001)
µÚÒ»Õ ½éÉÜ
½Å±¾ÓïÑÔÊÇÀàËÆDOSÅú´¦Àí¡¢UNIX shell³ÌÐòµÄÓïÑÔ¡£½Å±¾ÓïÑÔ²»ÐèҪÿ´Î±àÒëÔÙÖ´ÐУ¬
²¢ÇÒÔÚÖ´ÐÐÖпÉÒÔºÜÈÝÒ׵طÃÎÊÕýÔÚÔËÐеijÌÐò£¬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒÔ¶¯Ì¬µØÐÞ¸ÄÕýÔÚÔËÐеijÌÐò
£¬ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¿ìËٵؿª·¢ÒÔ¼°Íê³ÉһЩ¼òµ¥µÄÈÎÎñ¡£ÔÚʹÓýű¾ÓïÑÔʱ³£³£ÐèÒªÔöµÄÐµĹ¦
ÄÜ£¬µ«ÓÐʱÒòΪ½Å±¾ÓïÑÔ±¾À´¾ÍÒѾºÜÂý¡¢ºÜ´ó¡¢ºÜ¸´ÔÓÁ˶ø²»ÄÜʵÏÖ£»»òÕߣ¬ËùÐèµÄ
¹¦ÄÜÉæ¼°Ö»ÄÜÓÃCÓïÑÔÌṩµÄϵͳµ÷ÓûòÆäËûº¯Êý¡ª¡ªÍ¨³£ËùÒª½â¾öµÄÎÊÌâûÓÐÖØÒªµ½±Ø
ÐëÓÃCÓïÑÔÖØдµÄ³Ì¶È£»»òÕߣ¬½â¾öÎÊÌâÐèÒªÖîÈç¿É±ä³¤¶È×Ö·û´®µÈÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¨ÈçÎļþÃû
µÄÓÐÐòÁÐ±í£©£¬ÕâÑùµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍÔڽű¾ÓïÑÔÖÐÊ®·ÖÈÝÒ׶øCÓïÑÔÔòÐèÒªºÜ¶à¹¤×÷²ÅÄÜʵÏÖ
£»»òÕߣ¬±à³ÌÕß²»ÊìϤCÓïÑÔ£ºÕâЩÇé¿öÏ»¹ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔʹÓýű¾ÓïÑԵġ£
ÔÚÕâÑùµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Python¿ÉÄÜÕýºÃÊʺÏÄãµÄÐèÒª¡£PythonʹÓüòµ¥£¬µ«ËüÊÇÒ»¸öÕæÕýµÄ
³ÌÐòÓïÑÔ£¬¶øÇÒ±ÈshellÌṩÁ˸ü¶à½á¹¹ºÍ¶Ô´óÐͳÌÐòµÄÖ§³Ö¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬Ëü±ÈCÌṩ¸ü
¶àµÄ´íÎó¼ì²é£¬ËüÊÇÒ»¸ö·Ç³£¸ß¼¶µÄÓïÑÔ£¬ÄÚÖÃÁ˸÷Öָ߼¶Êý¾Ý½á¹¹£¬ÈçÁé»îµÄÊý×éºÍ
×ֵ䣬ÕâЩÊý¾Ý½á¹¹ÒªÓÃC¸ßЧʵÏֵĻ°¿ÉÄÜÒª»¨·ÑÄ㼸ÌìµÄʱ¼ä¡£ÓÉÓÚPython¾ßÓиüÒ»
°ãµÄÊý¾Ý½á¹¹£¬Ëü±ÈAwkÉõÖÁPerlÊÊÓõķ¶Î§¶¼¹ã£¬¶øÐí¶à¶«Î÷ÔÚPythonÄÚÖÁÉÙºÍÔÚÕâЩ
ÓïÑÔÄÚÒ»ÑùÈÝÒס£
¡¡
PythonÔÊÐíÄã°Ñ³ÌÐò·Ö½âΪģ¿é£¬Ä£¿é¿ÉÒÔÔÚÆäËûPython³ÌÐòÖÐÖØÓá£Ëü´øÓÐÒ»´óÅú±ê
׼ģ¿é¿ÉÒÔ×÷ΪÄã×Ô¼ºµÄ³ÌÐòµÄ»ù´¡¡ª¡ª»ò×÷ΪѧϰPython±à³ÌµÄÀý×Ó¡£ÏµÍ³»¹ÌṩÁË
¹ØÓÚÎļþÊäÈëÊä³ö¡¢ÏµÍ³µ÷Óᢲå×ù(sockets)µÄ¶«Î÷£¬ÉõÖÁÌṩÁË´°¿Úϵͳ(STDWIN)µÄ
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(51%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
¹ØÓÚÎļþÊäÈëÊä³ö¡¢ÏµÍ³µ÷Óᢲå×ù(sockets)µÄ¶«Î÷£¬ÉõÖÁÌṩÁË´°¿Úϵͳ(STDWIN)µÄ
ͨÓýӿڡ£
¡¡
PythonÊÇÒ»¸ö½âÊÍÐÔÓïÑÔ£¬ÒòΪ²»ÐèÒª±àÒëºÍÁ¬½ÓËùÒÔÄܽÚÊ¡´óÁ¿µÄ³ÌÐò¿ª·¢Ê±¼ä¡£½â
ÊͳÌÐò¿ÉÒÔ½»»¥Ê¹Óã¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ¿ÉÒÔºÜÈÝÒ×µØÊÔÑéÓïÑԵĸ÷ÖÖÌØÉ«£¬Ð´Ö»ÓÃÒ»´ÎµÄ³ÌÐò
£¬»òÔÚ´Óµ×ÏòÉϳÌÐò¿ª·¢ÖвâÊÔº¯Êý¡£ËüÒ²ÊÇÒ»¸ö·½±ãµÄ¼ÆËãÆ÷¡£
¡¡
PythonÔÊÐíÄãд³ö·Ç³£ÑϽ÷¶øÇҿɶÁµÄ³ÌÐò¡£ÓÃPythonдµÄ³ÌÐòͨ³£¶¼±ÈÏàÓ¦µÄC³ÌÐòÒª
¶Ì£¬ÒòΪÈçϼ¸¸öÀíÓÉ£º
¡¡
¸ß¼¶µÄÊý¾Ý½á¹¹ÔÊÐíÄãÓÃÒ»¸öÓï¾ä±í´ï¸´ÔӵIJÙ×÷; ¡¡
¸´ºÏÓï¾äÊÇ¿¿Ëõ½ø¶ø²»ÊÇÓñíʾ¿ªÊ¼ºÍ½áÊøµÄÀ¨ºÅ; ¡¡
²»ÐèÒª±äÁ¿ÉùÃ÷»ò²ÎÁ¿ÉùÃ÷¡£¡¡
PythonÊÇ¿ÉÀ©³äµÄ£ºÈç¹ûÄã»áÓÃCÓïÑÔ±à³Ì¾ÍºÜÈÝÒ×Ϊ½âÊͳÌÐòÔö¼ÓеÄÄÚÖú¯Êý»òÄ£¿é
£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔÒÔ×î¿ìËÙ¶ÈÖ´Ðйؼü²Ù×÷£¬»ò°ÑPython³ÌÐòºÍÖ»ÄÜÒÔ¶þ½øÖÆÂëÌṩµÄ¿â£¨Èç
²»Í¬³§ÉÌÌṩµÄͼÐο⣩Á¬½ÓÆðÀ´¡£µ±Äã±äµÃȷʵºÜÔÚÐÐʱÄã¿ÉÒÔ°ÑPython½âÊÍÆ÷ÓëÓÃ
CдµÄÓ¦ÓÃÏàÁ¬½Ó£¬°ÑËü×÷Ϊ¸ÃÓ¦ÓõÄÀ©Õ¹»òÃüÁîÓïÑÔ¡£
PythonµÄÃüÃûÊÇÓÉBBCµÄ¡°Monty Python's Flying Circus¡±½ÚÄ¿¶øµÃ£¬ÓëòþÉßûÓÐʲô
¹Øϵ¡£
--
¡ù À´Ô´:¡¤BBS ˮľÇ廪վ smth.org¡¤[FROM: 202.112.255.153]
µÚ¶þÕ ½âÊͳÌÐòµÄʹÓÃ
¡¡ÔÚÃüÁîÐмüÈë
python
»òÔÚWindows»·¾³ÏÂË«»÷ÏàÓ¦µÄͼ±ê¿ÉÒÔ½øÈëPythonµÄ½âÊͳÌÐò¡£Èç¹ûÒªÔËÐд¢´æÔÚÎļþ
ÖеÄPython³ÌÐò£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃ
python ÎļþÃû
µÄÐÎʽ¡£¡¡
½øÈë½âÊͳÌÐòµÄ»·¾³ºó£¬½âÊͳÌÐò³ÆΪ´¦ÓÚ½»»¥×´Ì¬¡£ÔÚÕâÖÖ״̬ÏÂϵͳÓà Ö÷ÌáʾÌáʾ
ÊäÈëÏÂÒ»¸öÃüÁÕâÒ»°ãÊÇÈý¸ö´óÓÚºÅ(>>>)£¬Èç¹ûÐèÒªÐøÐÐϵͳÓà ´ÎÌáʾÌáʾÊäÈ룬
ȱʡΪÈý¸öСÊýµã(...)¡£ÔÚÖ÷ÌáʾϼüÈëÎļþβ·ûºÅ£¨ÔÚUNIXÖÐΪControl-D£¬ÔÚDOS»ò
WindowsÖÐΪControl-Z£©¿ÉÒÔÕý³£Í˳ö½âÊͳÌÐò¡£
¡¡ Python½âÊͳÌÐòµÄÓÐЩ°æ±¾Ö§³ÖÃüÁîÐб༺ÍÃüÁîÀúÊ·£¬Ê¹ÓÃÓÃEmacs»òviµÄ¼ü×éºÏ
¡£¡¡
--
¡ù À´Ô´:¡¤BBS ˮľÇ廪վ smth.org¡¤[FROM: 202.112.255.153]
µÚÈýÕ »ù±¾Ê¹ÓÃ
ÏÂÃæÎÒÃÇÓÃÀý×ÓÀ´½éÉÜPythonµÄ»ù±¾Ó÷¨¡£ÔÚÀý×ÓÖУ¬Óû§ÊäÈëºÍϵͳÊä³ö¿¿ÓÐûÓÐÌá
ʾ£¨>>>ºÍ...£©À´·Ö±ð¡£Èç¹ûÒªÊÔÕâЩÀý×ӵĻ°£¬ÐèÒª¼üÈëÌáʾºóµÄËùÓÐÃüÁÀý×ÓÖÐ
ûÓÐÌáʾµÄÐÐÊÇϵͳµÄÊä³ö¡£×¢ÒâÖ»ÓдÎÌáʾµÄÐÐÒâζ×ÅÐèÒª¼üÈëÒ»¸ö¿ÕÐУ¬ÕâÓÃÓÚ½á
Êø¶àÐÐÃüÁî¡£
¡¡
3.1 ÓÃPython×÷¼ÆËãÆ÷ʹÓÃ
Æô¶¯½âÊͳÌÐò£¬µÈ´ýÖ÷Ìáʾ>>>³öÏÖ¡£½âÊͳÌÐò¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊ¼ÆËãÆ÷ʹÓ᣼üÈëÒ»¸ö±í´ïʽ£¬
½âÊͳÌÐò¾Í¿ÉÒÔÊä³ö½á¹û¡£±í´ïʽµÄд·¨ºÜÖ±¹Û£º+£¬-£¬*£¬/, %, **µÈËã·ûµÄ×÷ÓúÍÆä
Ëü´ó¶àÊýÓïÑÔ£¨ÈçPascal»òC£©Ã»Ê²Ã´²î±ð£¬À¨ºÅ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´×éºÏ¡£ÀýÈ磺
¡¡
>>> 2+2
¡¡
4
¡¡
>>> # ÕâÊÇÒ»¸ö×¢ÊÍ
... 2+2
4
>>> 2+2 # ºÍ´úÂëÔÚͬһÐеÄ×¢ÊÍ
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(8%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
>>> 2+2 # ºÍ´úÂëÔÚͬһÐеÄ×¢ÊÍ
4
>>> (50-5*6)/4
5
>>> # ÕûÊý³ý·¨µÃÏÂÃæµÄÕûÊý
... 7/3
2
>>> 7/-3
-3
>>>
ºÍCÖÐÒ»Ñù£¬µÈÓÚºÅÓÃÀ´¸ø±äÁ¿¸³Öµ£¬¸³ÖµµÄ½á¹û²»ÏÔʾ£º
>>> width = 20
>>> height = 5*9
>>> width * height
900
>>>
¿ÉÒÔͬʱ¸ø¼¸¸ö±äÁ¿¸³Í¬Ò»¸öÖµ£º
>>> x = y = z = 0 # °Ñ x, y ºÍ z¸³Áã
¡¡
>>> x
0
>>> y
0
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(11%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
0
>>> z
0
>>>
PythonÍêÈ«Ö§³Ö¸¡µãÊý£¬»ìºÏÀàÐ͵ÄÔËËã»á°ÑÕûÊýÏÈת»»³É¸¡µãÊý£º
>>> 4 * 2.5 / 3.3
3.0303030303
>>> 7.0 / 2
3.5
>>>
PythonÒ²ÌṩÁ˸´Êý£¬·½·¨ÊÇÓÃjºÍJ×÷ΪÐéÊýµ¥Î»£¬Èç1+1j£¬3.14e-10j£¬µÈµÈ¡£
3.2. ×Ö·û´®
¡¡ Python³ý´¦ÀíÊý×ÖÍ⻹¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí×Ö·û´®£¬×Ö·û´®Óõ¥Æ²ºÅ»ò˫ƲºÅ°ü¹ü£º
>>> 'spam eggs'
'spam eggs'
>>> 'doesn\'t'
"doesn't"
>>> "doesn't"
"doesn't"
>>> '"Yes," he said.'
'"Yes," he said.'
>>> "\"Yes,\" he said."
'"Yes," he said.'
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(17%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
'"Yes," he said.'
>>> '"Isn\'t," she said.'
'"Isn\'t," she said.'
>>>
×Ö·û´®Êä³ö¸ñʽÓëÊäÈëµÄÑù×ÓÏàͬ£¬¶¼ÊÇÓÃƲºÅ°ü¹ü£¬Æ²ºÅºÍÆäËüÌØÊâ×Ö·ûÓÃÓ÷´Ð±¸Ü
תÒå¡£Èç¹û×Ö·û´®ÖÐÓе¥Æ²ºÅ¶øûÓÐ˫ƲºÅÔòÓÃ˫ƲºÅ°ü¹ü£¬·ñÔòÓ¦¸ÃÓõ¥Æ²ºÅ°ü¹ü¡£
ºóÃæÒª½éÉܵÄprintÓï¾ä¿ÉÒÔ²»´øƲºÅ»òתÒåÊä³ö×Ö·û´®¡£
¡¡×Ö·û´®¿ÉÒÔÓÃ+ºÅÁ¬½ÓÆðÀ´£¬ÓÃ*ºÅÖظ´£º
>>> word = 'Help' + 'A'
>>> word
'HelpA'
>>> '<' + word*5 + '>'
'<HelpAHelpAHelpAHelpAHelpA>'
>>>
×Ö·û´®¿ÉÒÔÏóÔÚCÖÐÄÇÑùÓÃϱêË÷Òý£¬×Ö·û´®µÄµÚÒ»¸ö×Ö·ûϱêΪ0¡£
PythonûÓе¥¶ÀµÄ×Ö·ûÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¬Ò»¸ö×Ö·û¾ÍÊdz¤¶ÈΪһµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£ÏóÔÚIconÓïÑÔÖÐÄÇ
Ñù£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃƬ¶Î(slice)¼ÇºÅÀ´Ö¸¶¨×Ó´®£¬Æ¬¶Î¼´ÓÃðºÅ¸ô¿ªµÄÁ½¸öϱꡣ
>>> word[4]
'A'
>>> word[0:2]
'He'
>>> word[2:4]
'lp'
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(25%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
'lp'
>>>
Ƭ¶ÎÓкܺõÄȱʡֵ£ºµÚһϱêÊ¡ÂÔʱȱʡΪÁ㣬µÚ¶þϱêÊ¡ÂÔʱȱʡΪ×Ö·û´®µÄ³¤¶È
¡£
>>> word[:2] # Ç°Á½¸ö×Ö·û
'He'
>>> word[2:] # ³ýÇ°Á½¸ö×Ö·û´®ÍâµÄ²¿·Ö
'lpA'
>>>
×¢Òâs[:i] + s[i:] µÈÓÚ s ÊÇƬ¶ÎÔËËãµÄÒ»¸öÓÐÓõĺãµÈʽ¡£
>>> word[:2] + word[2:]
'HelpA'
>>> word[:3] + word[3:]
¡¡
'HelpA'
>>>
²»ºÏÀíµÄƬ¶Îϱê¿ÉÒԺܺõصõ½½âÊÍ£º¹ý´óµÄϱ걻»»³É×Ö·û´®³¤¶È£¬ÉϽçСÓÚϽç
ʱ·µ»Ø¿Õ´®¡£
>>> word[1:100]
'elpA'
>>> word[10:]
''
>>> word[2:1]
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(30%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
>>> word[2:1]
''
>>>
ϱêÔÊÐíΪ¸ºÊý£¬Õâʱ´ÓÓÒÏò×óÊý¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> word[-1] # ×îºóÒ»¸ö×Ö·û
'A'
>>> word[-2] # µ¹ÊýµÚ¶þ¸ö×Ö·û
'p'
>>> word[-2:] # ×îºóÁ½¸ö×Ö·û
'pA'
>>> word[:-2] # ³ý×îºóÁ½¸ö×Ö·ûÍâµÄ²¿·Ö
'Hel'
>>>
µ«Òª×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ -0 ʵ¼Ê»¹ÊÇ 0£¬ËùÒÔËü²»»á´ÓÓÒÏò×óÊý£¡
>>> word[-0] # (ÒòΪ -0 µÈÓÚ 0)
'H'
>>>
³¬³ö·¶Î§µÄƬ¶Îϱ걻½Ø¶Ï£¬µ«ÔÚ·ÇƬ¶ÎµÄÇé¿öϲ»ÒªÕâÑù£º
>>> word[-100:]
'HelpA'
>>> word[-10] # ´íÎó
Traceback (innermost last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(36%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
File "<stdin>", line 1
IndexError: string index out of range
¡¡
>>>
¼ÇסƬ¶ÎÒâÒåµÄ×îºÃ·½·¨ÊÇ°Ñϱ꿴³ÉÊÇ×Ö·û Ö®¼äµÄµã£¬µÚÒ»¸ö×Ö·ûµÄ×ó±ß½çºÅÂëΪ0
¡£ÓÐn¸ö×Ö·ûµÄ×Ö·û´®µÄ×îºóÒ»¸ö×Ö·ûµÄÓұ߽çϱêΪn£¬ÀýÈ磺
¡¡
+---+---+---+---+---+
| H | e | l | p | A |
+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
¡¡
µÚÒ»ÐÐÊý×Ö¸ø³ö×Ö·û´®ÖÐϱê0µ½5µÄλÖ㬵ڶþÐиø³öÏàÓ¦µÄ¸ºÏ±ꡣ´Óiµ½jµÄƬ¶ÎÓÉ
Ôڱ߽çiºÍjÖ®¼äµÄ×Ö·û×é³É¡£
¡¡
¶ÔÓڷǸºÏ±꣬Èç¹ûϱ궼ÔÚ½çÄÚ£¬ÔòƬ¶ÎµÄ³¤¶ÈΪϱêµÄ²î¡£ÀýÈ磬word[1:3] µÄ³¤
¶ÈΪ 2¡£
¡¡ÄÚÖú¯Êýlen()·µ»Ø×Ö·û´®µÄ³¤¶È£º
>>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious'
>>> len(s)
34
>>>
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(43%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
>>>
¶àÐеij¤×Ö·û´®Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓÃÐÐβ·´Ð±¸ÜÐøÐУ¬ÐøÐеÄÐÐÊ׿հײ»±»ºöÂÔ£¬Èç
hello = "This is a rather long string containing\n\
several lines of text just as you would do in C.\n\
Note that whitespace at the beginning of the line is\
significant.\n"
print hello
½á¹ûΪ
¡¡
This is a rather long string containing
several lines of text just as you would do in C.
Note that whitespace at the beginning of the line is significant
.
¶ÔÓÚÌر𳤵Ä×Ö·û´®£¨±ÈÈç°üº¬ËµÃ÷µÄ¼¸¶ÎÎÄ×Ö£©£¬Èç¹ûÓÃÉÏÃæµÄ·½Ê½Ã¿Ðж¼ÓÃ\n\½áβ
ÊǺÜÂé·³µÄ£¬ÌرðÊÇÕâÑùÎÞ·¨ÓÃÏóEmacsÕâÑùµÄ¹¦ÄÜÇ¿´óµÄ±à¼Æ÷ÖØбàÅÅ¡£¶ÔÕâÖÖÇé¿ö
£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÈýÖØƲºÅ£¬ÀýÈç
hello = """
¡¡
This string is bounded by triple double quotes (3 times ").
Unescaped newlines in the string are retained, though \
it is still possible\nto use all normal escape sequences.
¡¡
Whitespace at the beginning of a line is
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(54%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
Whitespace at the beginning of a line is
significant. If you need to include three opening quotes
you have to escape at least one of them, e.g. \""".
¡¡
This string ends in a newline.
"""
ÈýÖØƲºÅ×Ö·û´®Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓÃÈý¸öµ¥Æ²ºÅ£¬Ã»ÓÐÈκÎÓïÒå²î±ð¡£
¶àÐеÄ×Ö·û´®³£Á¿¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÁ¬½ÓÆðÀ´£¬×Ö·û´®³£Á¿Ö®¼äÓÿոñ·Ö¸ôÔòÔÚ±àÒëʱ¿ÉÒÔ×Ô¶¯
Á¬½ÓÆðÀ´£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÒ»¸ö³¤×Ö·û´®Á¬½ÓÆðÀ´¶ø²»ÐèÒªÎþÉüËõ½ø¶ÔÆë»òÐÔÄÜ£¬²»ÏóÓüÓ
ºÅÁ¬½ÓÐèÒªÔËË㣬Ҳ²»Ïó×Ö·û´®´®ÄڵĻ»ÐÐÆäÐÐÊ׿ոñÐèÒª±£³Ö¡£
3.3 Áбí
PythonÖÐÓм¸ÖÖ¸´ºÏÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¬ÓÃÀ´°ÑÆäËüÖµ×éºÏµ½Ò»Æð¡£ÆäÖÐ×îÁé»îµÄÊÇÁÐ±í£¬¿ÉÒÔ
д³ÉÔÚ·½À¨ºÅÖ®¼äÓöººÅ¸ô¿ªµÄÈô¸ÉÖµ£¨Ï¡£ÁбíµÄÏî²»±ØȡͬһÀàÐÍ¡£
>>> a = ['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]
>>> a
['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]
>>>
Ïó×Ö·û´®Ï±êÄÇÑù£¬Áбíϱê´Ó0¿ªÊ¼£¬Áбí¿ÉÒÔȡƬ¶Î£¬¿ÉÒÔÁ¬½Ó£¬µÈµÈ£º
>>> a[0]
'spam'
>>> a[3]
1234
>>> a[-2]
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(64%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
>>> a[-2]
100
>>> a[1:-1]
['eggs', 100]
>>> a[:2] + ['bacon', 2*2]
['spam', 'eggs', 'bacon', 4]
>>> 3*a[:3] + ['Boe!']
['spam', 'eggs', 100, 'spam', 'eggs', 100, 'spam', 'eggs', 100, 'Boe!']
>>>
Óë×Ö·û´®²»Í¬µÄÊÇÁбíÊǿɱäµÄ£¬¿ÉÒÔÐÞ¸ÄÁбíµÄÿ¸öÔªËØ£º
>>> a
['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]
>>> a[2] = a[2] + 23
>>> a
['spam', 'eggs', 123, 1234]
>>>
Ò²¿ÉÒÔ¸øÒ»¸öƬ¶ÎÖØи³Öµ£¬ÕâÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒԸıä±íµÄ´óС£º
>>> # Ìæ»»Èô¸ÉÏî:
... a[0:2] = [1, 12]
>>> a
[1, 12, 123, 1234]
>>> # È¥µôÈô¸ÉÏî:
... a[0:2] = []
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(70%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
... a[0:2] = []
>>> a
[123, 1234]
>>> # ²åÈëÈô¸ÉÏî:
... a[1:1] = ['bletch', 'xyzzy']
>>> a
[123, 'bletch', 'xyzzy', 1234]
>>> a[:0] = a # ÔÚ¿ªÍ·²åÈë×ÔÉí
>>> a
[123, 'bletch', 'xyzzy', 1234, 123, 'bletch', 'xyzzy', 1234]
>>>
ÄÚÖú¯ÊýҲʹÓÃÓÚÁÐ±í£º
>>> len(a)
8
>>>
¿ÉÒÔ½¨Á¢Ç¶Ì×ÁÐ±í£¨±íµÄÔªËØÒ²ÊÇÁÐ±í£©£¬È磺
>>> q = [2, 3]
>>> p = [1, q, 4]
>>> len(p)
3
>>> p[1]
[2, 3]
>>> p[1][0]
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(74%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
>>> p[1][0]
2
>>> p[1].append('xtra') # ÁÐ±í·½·¨
>>> p
[1, [2, 3, 'xtra'], 4]
>>> q
[2, 3, 'xtra']
>>>
×¢ÒâÕâ¸öÀý×ÓÖÐp[1]ºÍqʵ¼ÊÊÇͬһ¸ö¶ÔÏó£¡Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵ËüÃÇÖ»²»¹ýÊÇͬһ¸ö¶«Î÷µÄÁ½¸öÃû
×Ö£¨ÒýÓ㩶øÒÑ¡£
3.4 ±à³Ì³õ²½
Pythonµ±È»²»ÊÇÖ»ÄÜÓÃÀ´°ÑÁ½¸öÊý¼Óµ½Ò»Æð£¬Ëü¿ÉÒÔÍê³ÉºÜ¸´ÔӵŤ×÷¡£ÀýÈ磬ÎÒÃÇ¿É
ÒÔд³öFibonacciÐòÁеĿªÊ¼¼¸¸ö£º
>>> # Fibonacci ÐòÁÐ:
... # Á½¸öÔªËصĺͶ¨ÒåÏÂÒ»¸ö
... a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 10:
... print b
... a, b = b, a+b
...
1
1
2
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(79%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
2
3
5
8
>>>
Õâ¸öÀý×Ó½éÉÜÁ˼¸¸öÐÂÌØÉ«¡£
µÚÒ»Ðаüº¬Ò»¸ö¶àÖظ³Öµ£º ±äÁ¿aºÍbͬʱµÃµ½ÐÂÖµ0ºÍ1¡£ÔÚ×îºóÒ»ÐÐÓÖÓÃÁ˶àÖظ³Öµ£¬
ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö¸³ÖµÊ±ÏÈ°ÑÓұ߶¼Ëã³öºóÔÙ½øÐи³Öµ¡£
whileÑ»·µ±Ñ»·Ìõ¼þ(ÕâÀï¼´: b < 10)³ÉÁ¢Ê±²»¶ÏÖ´ÐС£ÔÚPythonÖкÍCÖÐÒ»Ñù£¬·ÇÁã
ÕûÊýֵΪÕæÖµ£¬ÁãΪ¼ÙÖµ¡£Ìõ¼þÒ²¿ÉÒÔÊÇ×Ö·û´®»òÁбí»òÈκÎÐòÁУ¬³¤¶ÈΪ·ÇÁãµÄΪÕæ
£¬¿ÕÐòÁÐΪ¼Ù¡£Àý×ÓÖÐËùÓõÄÊÇÒ»¸ö¼òµ¥±È½Ï¡£±ê×¼µÄ±È½ÏËã·ûºÍCÒ»Ñù£º
<, >, ==, <=, >= ºÍ !=¡£
Ñ»·ÌåÊÇËõ½øµÄ£ºËõ½øÊÇPythonÓÃÀ´×éºÏÓï¾äµÄ·½Ê½¡£PythonÄ¿Ç°»¹²»ÄÜÌṩÖÇÄÜ×Ô¶¯
Ëõ½ø£¬ËùÒÔÄãÐèÒª×Ô¼ºÎªÃ¿¸öËõ½øÐмüÈëÖƱí·û»ò¿Õ¸ñ¡£Êµ¼ÊʹÓÃÖÐÄã¿ÉÒÔÓÃÎı¾±à¼
³ÌÐòΪPython ×¼±¸¸´ÔÓµÄÊäÈ룬¶àÊýÎı¾±à¼³ÌÐò¶¼ÓÐ×Ô¶¯Ëõ½øµÄ¹¦ÄÜ¡£ÔÚ½»»¥ÊäÈ븴
ºÏÓï¾äʱ±ØÐÞ¸½¼ÓÒ»¸ö¿ÕÐÐÒÔָʾ¸´ºÏÓï¾äµÄÍê³É£¨ÒòΪ½âÊͳÌÐòÎÞ·¨²Âµ½ÄÄÊÇÓï¾äµÄ
×îºóÒ»ÐУ©¡£printÓï¾äÏÔʾºóÃæµÄ±í´ïʽֵ¡£ÕâºÍÖ±½Óд³ö±í´ïʽ²»Í¬£¬Ëü¿ÉÒÔÏÔʾ¶à
¸ö±í´ïʽºÍ×Ö·û´®£¬¶øÇÒ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚ³ÌÐòÎļþÖС£ÏÔʾʱ×Ö·û´®Ã»ÓÐƲºÅ£¬¸÷ÏîÄ¿Ö®¼ä²å
ÈëÒ»¸ö¿Õ¸ñ£¬ËùÒÔÄã¿ÉÒÔÒÔ¾«ÃÀµÄ¸ñʽÏÔʾ£¬È磺
>>> i = 256*256
>>> print 'The value of i is', i
The value of i is 65536
>>>
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(91%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
>>>
ÔÚβ²¿Ð´Ò»¸ö¶ººÅ¿ÉÒÔ±ÜÃâ×îºó»»ÐУº
>>> a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 1000:
... print b,
... a, b = b, a+b
...
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987
>>>
×¢ÒâÈç¹ûÇ°Ò»ÐÐûÓнáÊøµÄ»°ÏµÍ³ÔÚÏÔʾÌáʾ֮ǰÏÈ»»ÐС£
Python»¹ÌṩÁ˺ÍCÓïÑÔÒ»ÑùµÄprintf¸ñʽµÄÊä³ö·½Ê½£¬ÕâÊÇÓÃ%ʵÏֵģ¬×ó±ßÊǸñʽ£¬
È磺
¡¡
>>> print 'The value of 1/7 is approximately %5.3f.' % 0.142857
The value of 1/7 is approximately 0.143.
>>>
Èç¹ûÓжà¸öÐèÒªÊä³öµÄÏî°Ù·ÖºÅÓұߵÄÏî¿ÉÒÔÊÇÒ»¸öÐò×飬Èç
>>> print "Name: %-10s Age: %3d" % ("White", 31)
Name: White Age: 31
¡¡
--
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(99%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
>>> a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 1000:
... print b,
... a, b = b, a+b
...
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987
>>>
×¢ÒâÈç¹ûÇ°Ò»ÐÐûÓнáÊøµÄ»°ÏµÍ³ÔÚÏÔʾÌáʾ֮ǰÏÈ»»ÐС£
Python»¹ÌṩÁ˺ÍCÓïÑÔÒ»ÑùµÄprintf¸ñʽµÄÊä³ö·½Ê½£¬ÕâÊÇÓÃ%ʵÏֵģ¬×ó±ßÊǸñʽ£¬
È磺
¡¡
>>> print 'The value of 1/7 is approximately %5.3f.' % 0.142857
The value of 1/7 is approximately 0.143.
>>>
Èç¹ûÓжà¸öÐèÒªÊä³öµÄÏî°Ù·ÖºÅÓұߵÄÏî¿ÉÒÔÊÇÒ»¸öÐò×飬Èç
>>> print "Name: %-10s Age: %3d" % ("White", 31)
Name: White Age: 31
¡¡
--
¡ù À´Ô´:¡¤BBS ˮľÇ廪վ smth.org¡¤[FROM: 202.112.255.153]
µÚËÄÕ Á÷³Ì¿ØÖÆ
Ç°ÃæÎÒÃÇÒѾ¼ûµ½ÁËÈçºÎÓÉÓÃwhile½á¹¹¿ØÖÆÁ÷³ÌÔËÐС£ÕâÒ»ÕÂÎÒÃǽéÉܸü¶àµÄ¿ØÖƽṹ
¡£Python¾ßÓкÍÆäËüÓïÑÔÀàËƵĿØÖƽṹµ«ÂÔÓвî±ð¡£
4.1 If Óï¾ä
If Óï¾ä¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×î»ù±¾µÄ³ÌÐò·ÖÖ§Óï¾äÁË¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> if x < 0:
... x = 0
... print 'Negative changed to zero'
... elif x == 0:
... print 'Zero'
... elif x == 1:
... print 'Single'
... else:
... print 'More'
...
¿ÉÒÔÓÐÁãµ½¶à¸öelif²¿·Ö£¬else²¿·Ö¿ÉÑ¡¡£¹Ø¼ü×ÖelifÊÇelse ifµÄËõд£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔËõ¶Ì
Óï¾äÐг¤¶È¡£ÆäËüÓïÑÔÖÐswitch »ò case Óï¾ä¿ÉÒÔÓÃif...elif...elif...Óï¾ä×éÀ´Êµ
ÏÖ¡£
4.2 for Óï¾ä
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(6%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
4.2 for Óï¾ä
PythonÖеÄforÓï¾äÓëÄã¿ÉÄÜÊìϤµÄC»òÕßPascalÖеÄÏàÓ¦Óï¾äÂÔÓв»Í¬¡£²»ÏóPascal ÄÇ
Ñù×ÜÊǶÔÊý×ÖÐòÁнøÐÐÑ»·£¬Ò²²»ÊÇÏóCÖÐÄÇÑùÍêÈ«ÓɳÌÐòÔ±×ÔÓɵؿØÖÆÑ»·Ìõ¼þºÍÑ»·
Ì壬PythonµÄforÑ»·ÊǶÔÈÎÒâÖÖÀàµÄÐòÁУ¨ÈçÁбí»ò×Ö·û´®£©°´³öÏÖ´ÎÐò±éÀúÿһÏî¡£
ÀýÈ磺
>>> # ¼ÆËã×Ö·û´®³¤:
... a = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
>>> for x in a:
... print x, len(x)
...
cat 3
window 6
defenestrate 12
>>>
¾¡Á¿²»ÒªÔÚÑ»·ÌåÄÚÐÞ¸ÄÓÃÀ´¿ØÖÆÑ»·µÄÐòÁУ¨µ±È»£¬Ö»ÓпɱäµÄÐòÁÐÀàÐÍÈçÁбí²ÅÓÐ
¿ÉÄܱ»Ð޸ģ©£¬ÕâÑù³ÌÐò¿ÉÄÜ»á³öÎÊÌâ¡£Èç¹ûÐèÒªÕâÑù£¬±ÈÈç˵Ҫ¸´ÖÆijЩÏ¿ÉÒÔÓÃ
ÐòÁеĸ±±¾À´¿ØÖÆÑ»·¡£Æ¬¶Î¼ÇºÅÈÃÄãºÜÈÝÒ×Éú³É¸±±¾£º
>>> for x in a[:]: # Éú³ÉÕû¸öÁбíµÄƬ¶Î¸±±¾
... if len(x) > 6: a.insert(0, x)
...
>>> a
['defenestrate', 'cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
>>>
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(13%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
>>>
½á¹ûÊÇ°ÑÁбíÖг¤¶È³¬¹ý6¸ö×Ö·ûµÄ×Ö·û´®²åÈëµ½ÁÐ±í¿ªÍ·¡£
4.3 range() º¯Êý
Èç¹ûȷʵÐèÒª¶ÔÒ»ÁÐÊý×Ö½øÐÐÑ»·µÄ»°£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÄÚÖú¯Êýrange()¡£ËüÉú³É°üº¬Êý×ÖÐò
ÁеÄÁÐ±í£¬È磺
>>> range(10)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>>
×¢Òâ¸ø³öµÄÖÕµãÓÀÔ¶²»³öÏÖÔÚÉú³ÉµÄÁбíÖУ¬range(10)Éú³ÉÒ»¸öÊ®¸öÊýµÄÁÐ±í£¬Ç¡ºÃÊÇ
³¤¶ÈΪ10µÄÐòÁеĺϷ¨Ï±êµÄ¸÷¸öÖµ¡£Ò²¿ÉÒÔÖ¸¶¨²»Í¬µÄÆðʼµã£¬»òÕßÖ¸¶¨²»Í¬µÄ¼ä¸ô
£¨ÉõÖÁ¸ºÊý£©£º
>>> range(5, 10)
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> range(0, 10, 3)
[0, 3, 6, 9]
>>> range(-10, -100, -30)
[-10, -40, -70]
>>>
ΪÁ˶ÔÐòÁеÄϱê½øÐÐÑ»·£¬ÈçÏÂÁªºÏʹÓÃrange() ºÍ len()£º
>>> a = ['Mary', 'had', 'a', 'little', 'lamb']
>>> for i in range(len(a)):
... print i, a[i]
...
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(19%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
...
0 Mary
1 had
2 a
3 little
4 lamb
>>>
¡¡
4.4 breakÓï¾ä£¬continueÓï¾äºÍÑ»·ÖеÄelse×Ó¾ä
ÈçͬCÓïÑÔÒ»Ñù£¬breakÓï¾äÌø³öÆäËù´¦µÄ×îÄÚ²ãµÄfor »ò whileÑ»·£¬continueÓï¾ä¼Ì
ÐøÏÂһѻ·²½¡£
Ñ»·Óï¾ä»¹¿ÉÒÔ´øÒ»¸ö else ×Ӿ䣬µ±Ñ»·Õý³£½áÊøʱִÐÐÆäÄÚÈÝ£¬µ«Èç¹ûÑ»·ÊÇÓÃbr
eak Óï¾äÌø³öµÄÔò²»Ö´ÐÐÆäÄÚÈÝ¡£ÏÂÀý˵Ã÷ÁËÕâÖÖÓ÷¨£¬´ËÀýÇóËØÊý£º
>>> for n in range(2, 10):
... for x in range(2, n):
... if n % x == 0:
... print n, 'equals', x, '*', n/x
... break
... else:
... print n, 'is a prime number'
...
2 is a prime number
3 is a prime number
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(24%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
3 is a prime number
4 equals 2 * 2
5 is a prime number
6 equals 2 * 3
7 is a prime number
8 equals 2 * 4
9 equals 3 * 3
>>>
¡¡
4.5 pass Óï¾ä
passÓï¾ä²»Ö´ÐÐÈκβÙ×÷£¬µ±Óï·¨ÒªÇóÒ»¸öÓï¾ä¶ø³ÌÐò²»ÐèÒªÖ´ÐвÙ×÷ʱ¾ÍÓôËÓï¾ä¡£
ÀýÈ磺
>>> while 1:
... pass # µÈ´ý¼üÅÌÖжÏ
...
¡¡
4.6 º¯Êý¶¨Òå
ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¶¨ÒåÒ»¸öº¯ÊýÓÃÀ´¼ÆËãijһ½çÏÞÒÔϵÄËùÓÐFibonacciÐòÁÐÖµ£º
>>> def fib(n): # д³ö n ÒÔϵÄËùÓÐFibonacciÐòÁÐÖµ
... a, b = 0, 1
... while b < n:
... print b,
... a, b = b, a+b
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(29%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
... a, b = b, a+b
...
>>> # µ÷Óøոն¨ÒåµÄº¯Êý:
... fib(2000)
¡¡
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597
>>>
ÆäÖйؼü×Ö def ¿ªÊ¼Ò»¸öº¯Êý¶¨Ò壬ÆäºóÓ¦¸ÃÊǺ¯ÊýÃû£¬À¨ºÅÄÚµÄÐÎ²Î±í£¬ÒÔðºÅ½áÊø
¡£¹¹³Éº¯ÊýÌåµÄ¸÷Óï¾ä´ÓÏÂÒ»ÐпªÊ¼£¬ÓÃÒ»¸öÖƱí·ûËõ½ø¡£º¯ÊýµÄµÚÒ»¸öÓï¾ä¿ÉÒÔÊÇÒ»
¸ö×Ö·û´®£¬Èç¹ûÊǵĻ°£¬Õâ¸ö×Ö·û´®¾ÍÊǺ¯ÊýµÄÎĵµ×Ö·û´®£¬¼ò³ÆΪdocstring¡£ÓÐһЩ
¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔÀûÓÃÎĵµ×Ö·û´®×Ô¶¯Éú³É¿É´òÓ¡µÄÎĵµ£¬»òÕßÈÃÓû§½»»¥µØä¯ÀÀ´úÂ룬ËùÒÔÔÚ
×Ô¼º±à³Ìʱ¼ÓÈëÎĵµ×Ö·û´®ÊÇÒ»¸öºÃÏ°¹ß£¬Ó¦¸ÃÑø³ÉÕâÑùµÄÏ°¹ß¡£
º¯ÊýÔÚÖ´ÐÐʱ¶Ô¾Ö²¿±äÁ¿ÒýÈëÒ»¸öеķûºÅ±í¡£º¯ÊýÖеıäÁ¿¸³Öµ¶¼´æÈë¾Ö²¿·ûºÅ±í£»
ÒýÓñäÁ¿Ê±±äÁ¿ÃûÏÈ´Ó¾Ö²¿·ûºÅ±íÖвéÕÒ£¬È»ºóÔÚÈ«¾Ö·ûºÅ±íÖвéÕÒ£¬×îºó´ÓÄÚÖõÄÃû
×ÖÖвéÕÒ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚº¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜÖ±½Ó¶ÔÈ«¾Ö±äÁ¿¸³Öµ£¨³ý·ÇÓÃÁËglobalÓï¾äÀ´ËµÃ÷£©£¬
µ«¿ÉÒÔÒýÓÃÈ«¾Ö±äÁ¿µÄÖµ¡£
º¯Êýµ÷ÓõÄʵ²Î±»ÒýÈ뺯ÊýµÄ¾Ö²¿·ûºÅ±í£¬¼´º¯ÊýµÄ²ÎÊýÊÇ°´Öµµ÷Óõġ£º¯ÊýÔÙµ÷ÓÃÆä
Ëüº¯ÊýʱΪ¸Ãº¯ÊýÉú³ÉÒ»¸öеķûºÅ±í¡£µ«ÊÇÑϸñµØ˵£¬º¯ÊýµÄµ÷ÓÃÊÇ°´ÒýÓõ÷Óõģ¬
ÒòΪÈç¹û²ÎÊýÊÇÒ»¸ö¿É±äÀàÐÍÈçÁбíµÄ»°ÔÚº¯ÊýÖиıäÐβεÄÄÚÈݽ«µ¼ÖÂʵ²ÎµÄÄÚÈݱ»
¸Ä±ä£¨²»¸Ä±äµÄÊÇʵ²ÎÃû×ֵİ󶨹Øϵ£©¡£
º¯Êý¶¨Òå°Ñº¯ÊýÃû·ÅÈ뵱ǰ·ûºÅ±í¡£º¯ÊýÃûµÄÖµÀàÐÍΪÓû§×Ô¶¨Ò庯Êý£¬Õâ¸öÖµ¿ÉÒÔ¸³
¸øÁíÒ»¸öÃû×Ö£¬´Ó¶øÕâ¸öÃû×ÖÒ²´ú±íÏàͬµÄº¯Êý¡£Õâ¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊһ°ãµÄ¸ÄÃû·½·¨£º
¡¡
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(40%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
¡¡
>>> fib
<function object at 10042ed0>
>>> f = fib
>>> f(100)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89
>>>
¡¡
Äã¿ÉÄÜ»á˵ fib ²»ÊǺ¯Êý¶øÊǹý³Ì¡£PythonºÍCÒ»Ñù£¬¹ý³ÌÖ»ÊDz»·µ»ØÖµµÄº¯Êý¡£Êµ¼Ê
ÉÏ£¬ÑϸñµØ˵£¬¹ý³ÌÒ²·µ»ØÒ»¸öÖµ£¬Ö»²»¹ýÊÇÒ»¸öºÜûÒâ˼µÄÖµ¡£Õâ¸öÖµ½Ð×ö None£¨Õâ
ÊÇÒ»¸öÄÚÖõÄÃû×Ö£©¡£½âÊͳÌÐò½»»¥ÔËÐÐʱÈç¹ûÖ»ÐèÒªÏÔʾÕâ¸öÖµµÄ»°¾Í»áºöÂÔ²»ÏÔʾ
¡£Èç¹ûÏ£ÍûÏÔʾµÄ»°¿ÉÒÔÓà print Óï¾ä£º
¡¡
>>> print fib(0)
None
>>>
¡¡
Ò²¿ÉÒÔдһ¸öº¯Êý·µ»ØFibonacci ÐòÁеÄÊýÖµÁбí¶ø²»ÊÇÏÔʾÕâЩֵ£º
¡¡
>>> def fib2(n): # ·µ»ØÖ±µ½nµÄFibonacci ÐòÁÐÖµ
... result = []
... a, b = 0, 1
... while b < n:
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(45%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
... while b < n:
... result.append(b) # ½âÊͼûÏÂÃæ
... a, b = b, a+b
... return result
...
>>> f100 = fib2(100) # µ÷ÓÃ
>>> f100 # Êä³ö½á¹û
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
¡¡
>>>
¡¡
Õâ¸öÀý×ÓÒ²ÑÝʾÁËеÄPythonÌØÉ«£ºreturnÓï¾ä´Óº¯ÊýÖÐÍ˳ö²¢·µ»ØÒ»¸öÖµ¡£²»´ø·µ»Ø
ÖµµÄreturn¿ÉÒÔ´Ó¹ý³ÌÖмäÍ˳ö£¬ÔËÐе½¹ý³ÌµÄĩβҲ¿ÉÒÔÍ˳ö£¬ÕâÁ½ÖÖÇé¿öÏ·µ»ØNo
ne¡£
Óï¾äresult.append(b)µ÷ÓÃÁбí¶ÔÏóresultµÄÒ»¸ö·½·¨¡£·½·¨ÊÇ¡°ÊôÓÚ¡±Ò»¸ö¶ÔÏóµÄº¯
Êý£¬ÒýÓøñʽΪobj.methodname£¬ÆäÖÐobjÊÇij¸ö¶ÔÏó£¨Ò²ÔÊÐíÊÇÒ»¸ö±í´ïʽ£©£¬ meth
odname ÊÇÓɸöÔÏóµÄÀàÐͶ¨ÒåµÄÒ»¸ö·½·¨µÄÃû×Ö¡£²»Í¬µÄ²»Í¬µÄ·½·¨¡£²»Í¬ÀàÐ͵ķ½·¨
¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÏàͬµÄÃû×Ö¶ø²»ÖÂÒýÆðÎó½â¡££¨¿ÉÒÔ¶¨Òå×Ô¼ºµÄ¶ÔÏóÀàÐͺͷ½·¨£¬Ê¹ÓÃÀ࣬±¾
ÎĺóÃæ»áÌÖÂÛÕâ¸ö»°Ì⣩¡£Àý×ÓÖеÄappend()·½·¨Ê±Áбí¶ÔÏóµÄ·½·¨£¬ËüÔÚÁбíĩβÔö
¼ÓÒ»¸öÐÂÔªËØ¡£ÔÚ±¾ÀýÖÐÕâµÈ¼ÛÓÚ¡°result = result + [b]¡±£¬Ö»ÊǸüÓÐЧ¡£
4.7 º¯Êý²ÎÊý
¡¡¿ÉÒÔ¶¨ÒåʹÓÿɱä¸öÊý²ÎÊýµÄº¯Êý¡£ÕâÑùµÄ¶¨Òå·½·¨ÓÐÈýÖÖ£¬¿ÉÒÔÁªºÏʹÓá£
4.7.1 ²ÎÊýȱʡֵ
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(54%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
4.7.1 ²ÎÊýȱʡֵ
¿ÉÒÔΪһ¸ö²ÎÊý»ò¼¸¸ö²ÎÊýÖ¸¶¨È±Ê¡Öµ¡£ÕâÑù¶¨ÒåµÄº¯ÊýÔÚµ÷ÓÃʱʵ²Î¸öÊý¿ÉÒԱȶ¨Òå
ʱÉÙ¡£ÀýÈ磺
def ask_ok(prompt, retries=4, complaint='Yes or no, please!'):
while 1:
ok = raw_input(prompt)
if ok in ('y', 'ye', 'yes'): return 1
if ok in ('n', 'no', 'nop', 'nope'): return 0
retries = retries - 1
if retries < 0: raise IOError, 'refusenik user'
print complaint
Õâ¸öº¯ÊýÔÚµ÷ÓÃʱ¼È¿ÉÒÔÕâÑùµ÷Óãºask_ok('Do you really want to quit?')£¬»òÕß¿É
ÒÔÕâÑùµ÷Óãºask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2)¡£È±Ê¡ÖµÊÇÔÚº¯Êý¶¨ÒåʱµÄ¶¨
Òå×÷ÓÃÓòÖмÆËãµÄ£¬ËùÒÔÀýÈ磺
i = 5
def f(arg = i): print arg
i = 6
f()
½«ÏÔʾ5¡£
×¢Ò⣺ȱʡֵֻ¼ÆËãÒ»´Î¡£µ±È±Ê¡ÖµÊǿɱä¶ÔÏóÈçÁбí»ò×ÖµäʱÕâÒ»µãÊÇҪעÒâµÄ¡£Àý
È磬ÒÔϺ¯Êý»áÔÚÒÔºóµÄµ÷ÓÃÖÐÀÛ¼ÓËüµÄÖµ£º
def f(a, l = []):
l.append(a)
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(61%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
l.append(a)
return l
print f(1)
print f(2)
print f(3)
This will print
¡¡
[1]
[1, 2]
[1, 2, 3]
Èç¹ûÄ㲻ϣÍûȱʡֵÔÚÁ¬ÐøµÄµ÷ÓÃÖб»±£Áô£¬¿ÉÒÔÏóÏÂÃæÕâÑù¸Äдº¯Êý£º
def f(a, l = None):
if l is None:
l = []
l.append(a)
return l
4.7.2 ¹Ø¼ü×Ö²ÎÊý
º¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʱҲ¿ÉÒÔÏ󡰹ؼü×Ö = Öµ¡±ÕâÑùÖ¸¶¨Êµ²Î£¬ÆäÖйؼü×ÖÊǶ¨ÒåʱʹÓõÄÐβεÄ
Ãû×Ö¡£ÀýÈ磺
def parrot(voltage, state='a stiff', action='voom', type='Norwegian Blue'):
print "-- This parrot wouldn't", action,
print "if you put", voltage, "Volts through it."
print "-- Lovely plumage, the", type
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(67%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
print "-- Lovely plumage, the", type
print "-- It's", state, "!"
¿ÉÒÔÓÃÈçϼ¸ÖÖ·½Ê½µ÷Óãº
parrot(1000) # ȱʡֵ
parrot(action = 'VOOOOOM', voltage = 1000000) # ¹Ø¼ü×Ö£¬È±Ê¡Öµ£¬´ÎÐò¿É±ä
parrot('a thousand', state = 'pushing up the daisies') # λÖòÎÊý£¬È±Ê¡Öµ£¬
¹Ø¼ü×Ö
parrot('a million', 'bereft of life', 'jump') # λÖòÎÊý£¬È±Ê¡Öµ
µ«ÒÔϼ¸ÖÖµ÷Ó÷½Ê½ÊÇ´íÎóµÄ£º
¡¡
parrot() # ·ÇȱʡµÄ²ÎÊýûÓÐÌṩ
parrot(voltage=5.0, 'dead') # ¹Ø¼ü×Ö²ÎÊýºóÃæÓÖ³öÏÖÁ˷ǹؼü×Ö²ÎÊý
parrot(110, voltage=220) # ²ÎÊýÖµÖظ´Ìṩ
parrot(actor='John Cleese') # δ֪¹Ø¼ü×Ö
Ò»°ã˵À´£¬Êµ²Î±íÖÐλÖòÎÊýÔÚÇ°£¬¹Ø¼ü×Ö²ÎÊýÔں󣬹ؼü×ÖÃû×Ö±ØÐëÊÇÐβÎÃû×Ö¡£ÐÎ
²ÎÓÐûÓÐȱʡֵ¶¼¿ÉÒÔÓùؼü×Ö²ÎÊýµÄÐÎʽµ÷Óá£Ã¿Ò»ÐβÎÖÁ¶àÖ»ÄܶÔÓ¦Ò»¸öʵ²Î£¬Òò
´Ë£¬ÒѾÓÉλÖòÎÊý´«ÈëÖµµÄÐβξͲ»ÄÜÔÚͬһµ÷ÓÃÖÐÔÙ×÷Ϊ¹Ø¼ü×Ö²ÎÊý¡£
Èç¹ûÐβαíÖÐÓÐÒ»¸öÐÎΪ**nameµÄÐβΣ¬ÔÚµ÷ÓÃʱÕâ¸öÐβοÉÒÔ½ÓÊÕÒ»¸ö×ֵ䣬×ÖµäÖÐ
°üº¬ËùÓв»ÓëÈκÎÐβÎÆ¥ÅäµÄ¹Ø¼ü×Ö²ÎÊý¡£ÐβαíÖл¹¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÒ»¸öÌØÊâµÄÈç*nameµÄÐÎ
²Î£¬Ëü½«½ÓÊÜËùÓв»ÄÜÆ¥ÅäµÄλÖòÎÊý×é³ÉµÄÒ»¸öÐò±í¡£*nameÖ»ÄÜÔÚ**name֮ǰ³öÏÖ¡£
ÀýÈ磬Èç¹û¶¨ÒåÁËÏÂÃæµÄº¯Êý£º
def cheeseshop(kind, *arguments, **keywords):
print "-- Do you have any", kind, '?'
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(77%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
print "-- Do you have any", kind, '?'
print "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of", kind
for arg in arguments: print arg
print '-'*40
for kw in keywords.keys(): print kw, ':', keywords[kw]
¾Í¿ÉÒÔÏóÏÂÃæÕâÑùµ÷Óãº
cheeseshop('Limburger', "It's very runny, sir.",
"It's really very, VERY runny, sir.",
client='John Cleese',
shopkeeper='Michael Palin',
sketch='Cheese Shop Sketch')
½á¹ûÏÔʾ£º
-- Do you have any Limburger ?
-- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger
It's very runny, sir.
It's really very, VERY runny, sir.
----------------------------------------
client : John Cleese
shopkeeper : Michael Palin
sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch
4.7.3 ÈÎÒâ¸öÊý²ÎÊý
ÔÚËùÓÐÓÐÃûµÄÐβεĺóÃæ¿ÉÒÔÓÐÁ½¸öÌØÊâµÄÐβΣ¬Ò»¸öÒÔ*argsµÄÐÎʽÃüÃû£¬Ò»¸öÒÔ**k
w µÄÐÎʽÃüÃû¡£ÓÐÁË*argsÐÎʽµÄÐβκóº¯ÊýÔÚµ÷ÓÃʱ¾Í¿ÉÒÔÔÚÕý³£µÄÄÜÆ¥ÅäµÄʵ²Î±íºó
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(85%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
w µÄÐÎʽÃüÃû¡£ÓÐÁË*argsÐÎʽµÄÐβκóº¯ÊýÔÚµ÷ÓÃʱ¾Í¿ÉÒÔÔÚÕý³£µÄÄÜÆ¥ÅäµÄʵ²Î±íºó
ÃæÊäÈëÈÎÒâ¸öÊýµÄ²ÎÊý£¬ÕâЩ²ÎÊý×é³ÉÒ»¸öÐò±í¸³¸øargsÐβΣ¬²»ÄÜÆ¥ÅäµÄ¹Ø¼ü×Ö²ÎÊý
×é³ÉÒ»¸ö×ֵ丳¸økwÐβΡ£ÔÚÈÎÒâ¸öÊýÐβÎ֮ǰ¿ÉÒÔÓÐ0µ½¶à¸öÕý³£µÄ²ÎÊý¡£ÀýÈ磺
def fprintf(file, format, *args):
file.write(format % args)
4.7.4 LambdaÐÎʽ
ÒòΪÐí¶àÈ˵ÄÒªÇó£¬PythonÖмÓÈëÁËһЩÔÚº¯Êý±à³ÌÓïÑÔºÍLispÖг£¼ûµÄ¹¦ÄÜ¡£¿ÉÒÔÓÃ
lambda ¹Ø¼ü×ÖÀ´¶¨ÒåСµÄÎÞÃûº¯Êý¡£ÕâÊÇÒ»¸ö·µ»ØÆäÁ½¸ö²ÎÊýµÄºÍµÄº¯Êý£º¡°lambda
a, b: a+b¡± ¡£LambdaÐÎʽ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚÈκÎÐèÒªº¯Êý¶ÔÏóµÄµØ·½¡£´Ó¾ä·¨ÉϽ²lambdaÐÎʽ
¾ÖÏÞÓÚÒ»¸ö±í´ïʽ¡£´ÓÓïÒåÉϽ²£¬ÕâÖ»ÊÇÕý³£µÄº¯Êý¶¨ÒåµÄ¾ä·¨Ìðʳ¡£ÏñǶÌ׺¯Êý¶¨Òå
Ò»Ñù£¬lambdaÐÎʽ²»ÄÜ·ÃÎÊ°üº¬Æ䶨ÒåµÄ×÷ÓÃÓòÖеıäÁ¿£¬µ«ÉóÉ÷µØʹÓÃȱʡ²ÎÊýÖ®¿É
ÒÔÈƹýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£ÀýÈ磺
def make_incrementor(n):
return lambda x, incr=n: x+incr
4.7.5 Îĵµ×Ö·û´®
¹ØÓÚÎĵµ×Ö·û´®µÄÄÚÈÝÓë¸ñʽÕýÔÚÐγÉһЩ¹ßÀý¡£µÚÒ»ÐÐÓ¦¸ÃΪ¼ò¶ÌµÄ¶ÔÏóÄ¿µÄ¸ÅÀ¨Ëµ
Ã÷¡£ÎªÁ˼òÃ÷Æð¼û£¬ÕâÒ»Ðв»Ó¦¸ÃÌá¼°¶ÔÏóµÄÃû×Ö»òÀàÐÍ£¬ÒòΪÕâЩ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÆäËû;¾¶
µÃÖª£¨µ±È»Èç¹û¶ÔÏóÃû×Ö¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸öÃèÊöº¯Êý²Ù×÷µÄ¶¯´ÊÔòµ±È»¿ÉÒÔÌá¼°ÆäÃû×Ö£©¡£×ÅÒÔ
ÐÐÓ¦¸ÃÓôóЩ×Öĸ¿ªÊ¼£¬ÒÔ¾äµã½áβ¡£Èç¹ûÎĵµ×Ö·û´®ÖÐÓжàÐУ¬µÚ¶þÐÐÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ¿ÕÐУ¬
°Ñ¸ÅÀ¨ËµÃ÷ÓëÆäËü˵Ã÷·Ö¿ª¡£ÒÔϵÄÐпÉÒÔÊÇÒ»¶Î»ò¼¸¶Î£¬ÃèÊö¶ÔÏóµÄµ÷Ó÷½·¨£¬ËüµÄ
¸±×÷Ó㬵ȵȡ£
PythonµÄɨÃè³ÌÐò²»»á´Ó¶àÐÐ×Ö·û´®ÖÐÈ¥µôËõ½ø¿Õ°×£¬ËùÒÔ´¦ÀíÎĵµµÄ¹¤¾ßÐèÒª×Ô¼º´¦
ÀíËõ½ø¡£Ö»Òª×ñÑÈçϵĹßÀý¾Í¿ÉÒÔÓÐÀûÓÚËõ½ø¿Õ°×µÄ´¦Àí¡£ÔÚµÚÒ»ÐÐÖ®ºóµÄµÚÒ»¸ö·Ç
ÏÂÃ滹ÓÐภ(97%) ©¦ ½áÊø ¡û <q> ©¦ ¡ü/¡ý/PgUp/PgDn Òƶ¯ ©¦ ? ¸¨Öú˵Ã÷ ©¦
a, b: a+b¡± ¡£LambdaÐÎʽ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚÈκÎÐèÒªº¯Êý¶ÔÏóµÄµØ·½¡£´Ó¾ä·¨ÉϽ²lambdaÐÎʽ
¾ÖÏÞÓÚÒ»¸ö±í´ïʽ¡£´ÓÓïÒåÉϽ²£¬ÕâÖ»ÊÇÕý³£µÄº¯Êý¶¨ÒåµÄ¾ä·¨Ìðʳ¡£ÏñǶÌ׺¯Êý¶¨Òå
Ò»Ñù£¬lambdaÐÎʽ²»ÄÜ·ÃÎÊ°üº¬Æ䶨ÒåµÄ×÷ÓÃÓòÖеıäÁ¿£¬µ«ÉóÉ÷µØʹÓÃȱʡ²ÎÊýÖ®¿É
ÒÔÈƹýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£ÀýÈ磺
def make_incrementor(n):
return lambda x, incr=n: x+incr
4.7.5 Îĵµ×Ö·û´®
¹ØÓÚÎĵµ×Ö·û´®µÄÄÚÈÝÓë¸ñʽÕýÔÚÐγÉһЩ¹ßÀý¡£µÚÒ»ÐÐÓ¦¸ÃΪ¼ò¶ÌµÄ¶ÔÏóÄ¿µÄ¸ÅÀ¨Ëµ
Ã÷¡£ÎªÁ˼òÃ÷Æð¼û£¬ÕâÒ»Ðв»Ó¦¸ÃÌá¼°¶ÔÏóµÄÃû×Ö»òÀàÐÍ£¬ÒòΪÕâЩ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÆäËû;¾¶
µÃÖª£¨µ±È»Èç¹û¶ÔÏóÃû×Ö¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸öÃèÊöº¯Êý²Ù×÷µÄ¶¯´ÊÔòµ±È»¿ÉÒÔÌá¼°ÆäÃû×Ö£©¡£×ÅÒÔ
ÐÐÓ¦¸ÃÓôóЩ×Öĸ¿ªÊ¼£¬ÒÔ¾äµã½áβ¡£Èç¹ûÎĵµ×Ö·û´®ÖÐÓжàÐУ¬µÚ¶þÐÐÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ¿ÕÐУ¬
°Ñ¸ÅÀ¨ËµÃ÷ÓëÆäËü˵Ã÷·Ö¿ª¡£ÒÔϵÄÐпÉÒÔÊÇÒ»¶Î»ò¼¸¶Î£¬ÃèÊö¶ÔÏóµÄµ÷Ó÷½·¨£¬ËüµÄ
¸±×÷Ó㬵ȵȡ£
PythonµÄɨÃè³ÌÐò²»»á´Ó¶àÐÐ×Ö·û´®ÖÐÈ¥µôËõ½ø¿Õ°×£¬ËùÒÔ´¦ÀíÎĵµµÄ¹¤¾ßÐèÒª×Ô¼º´¦
ÀíËõ½ø¡£Ö»Òª×ñÑÈçϵĹßÀý¾Í¿ÉÒÔÓÐÀûÓÚËõ½ø¿Õ°×µÄ´¦Àí¡£ÔÚµÚÒ»ÐÐÖ®ºóµÄµÚÒ»¸ö·Ç
¿Õ°×µÄÐоö¶¨Õû¸öÎĵµ×Ö·û´®µÄËõ½øÊýÁ¿£¨ÎÒÃDz»ÓõÚÒ»ÐУ¬ÒòΪËü¾³£ÊÇÖ±½Ó¸úÔÚ±í
ʾ×Ö·û´®¿ªÊ¼µÄÒýºÅºóÃ棩¡£Îĵµ×Ö·û´®ÖгýµÚÒ»ÐÐÒÔÍâµÄ¸÷Ðж¼ÒªÉ¾³ýµÈ¼ÛÓÚ´ËÐеÄ
Ëõ½øÁ¿µÄ¿Õ°×¡£¶ÔÖƱí·û½«À©Õ¹Îª¿Õ¸ñºóÔÙɾ³ý¡£
--
¡ù À´Ô´:¡¤BBS ˮľÇ廪վ smth.org¡¤[FROM: 202.112.255.153]
4:11 02-5-12
|
By: wangxu ( ÍõÐñ ) RE: BBS ˮľÇ廪վ [ reply ] 2003-04-28 11:25
|
·¢ÐÅÈË: mikky (ЦÎûÎû), ÐÅÇø: Python
±ê Ìâ: Re: ÖÐÎÄ£ºpython-tutorial
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: BBS ˮľÇ廪վ (Tue Mar 27 23:30:14 2001)
µÚÎåÕ PythonÊý¾Ý½á¹¹
±¾Õ¸üÏêϸµØÌÖÂÛһЩÒѾ½²¹ýµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐ͵ÄʹÓ㬲¢ÒýÈëһЩеÄÀàÐÍ¡£
5.1 Áбí
ÁбíÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ»¹ÓÐÆäËüһЩ·½·¨¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÁбí¶ÔÏóµÄËùÓз½·¨£º
insert(i, x) ---- ÔÚÖ¸¶¨Î»ÖòåÈëÒ»Ïî¡£µÚÒ»×Ô±äÁ¿ÊÇÒªÔÚÄÄÒ»¸öÔªËØÇ°Ãæ²åÈ룬ÓÃ
ϱê±íʾ¡£ÀýÈ磬a.insert(0, x)ÔÚÁбíÇ°Ãæ²åÈ룬a.insert(len(a), x)µÈ¼ÛÓÚa.app
end(x) ¡£
append(x) ---- µÈ¼ÛÓÚa.insert(len(a), x)
index(x) ---- ÔÚÁбíÖвéÕÒÖµxÈ»ºó·µ»ØµÚÒ»¸öֵΪxµÄÔªËصÄϱꡣûÓÐÕÒµ½Ê±³ö´í
¡£
remove(x) ---- ´ÓÁбíÖÐɾȥµÚÒ»¸öֵΪxµÄÔªËØ£¬ÕÒ²»µ½Ê±³ö´í¡£
sort() ---- ¶ÔÁбíÔªËØÔÚÔλÅÅÐò¡£×¢ÒâÕâ¸ö·½·¨¸Ä±äÁÐ±í£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ·µ»ØÅÅÐòºóµÄÁÐ
񡭜
reverse() ---- °ÑÁбíÔªËØ·´Ðò¡£¸Ä±äÁÐ±í¡£
count(x) ---- ·µ»ØxÔÚÁбíÖгöÏֵĴÎÊý¡£
¡¡ÏÂÀýʹÓÃÁËËùÓеÄÁÐ±í·½·¨£º
>>> a = [66.6, 333, 333, 1, 1234.5]
>>> print a.count(333), a.count(66.6), a.count('x')
2 1 0
>>> a.insert(2, -1)
>>> a.append(333)
>>> a
[66.6, 333, -1, 333, 1, 1234.5, 333]
>>> a.index(333)
1
>>> a.remove(333)
>>> a
[66.6, -1, 333, 1, 1234.5, 333]
>>> a.reverse()
>>> a
[333, 1234.5, 1, 333, -1, 66.6]
>>> a.sort()
>>> a
[-1, 1, 66.6, 333, 333, 1234.5]
5.1.1 º¯Êý³ÌÐòÉè¼Æ¹¤¾ß
PythonÖÐÓÐһЩº¯Êý³ÌÐòÉè¼Æ·ç¸ñµÄ¶«Î÷£¬ÀýÈçÇ°ÃæÎÒÃÇ¿´µ½µÄlambdaÐÎʽ¡£¹ØÓÚÁбí
ÓÐÈý¸ö·Ç³£ÓÐÓõÄÄÚÖú¯Êý£ºfilter(), map()ºÍreduce()¡£
¡°filter(º¯Êý, ÐòÁÐ)¡±·µ»ØÒ»¸öÐòÁУ¨¾¡¿ÉÄÜÓëÔÀ´Í¬ÀàÐÍ£©£¬ÐòÁÐÔªËØÊÇÔÐòÁÐÖÐ
ÓÉÖ¸¶¨µÄº¯Êýɸѡ³öÀ´µÄÄÇЩ£¬É¸Ñ¡¹æÔòÊÇ¡°º¯Êý(ÐòÁÐÔªËØ)=true¡±¡£filter()¿ÉÒÔÓÃ
À´È¡³öÂú×ãÌõ¼þµÄ×Ó¼¯¡£ÀýÈ磬ΪÁ˼ÆËãһЩËØÊý£º
>>> def f(x): return x % 2 != 0 and x % 3 != 0
...
>>> filter(f, range(2, 25))
[5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23]
¡°map(º¯Êý£¬ÐòÁÐ)¡±¶ÔÖ¸¶¨ÐòÁеÄÿһÏîµ÷ÓÃÖ¸¶¨µÄº¯Êý£¬½á¹ûΪ·µ»ØÖµ×é³ÉµÄÁÐ±í¡£
map() ¿ÉÒÔ¶ÔÐòÁнøÐÐÒþʽѻ·¡£ÀýÈ磬Ҫ¼ÆËãÈý´Î·½£¬¿ÉÓãº
>>> def cube(x): return x*x*x
...
>>> map(cube, range(1, 11))
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000]
¿ÉÒÔÓжà¸öÐòÁÐ×÷Ϊ×Ô±äÁ¿£¬Õâʱָ¶¨µÄº¯Êý±ØÐëÒ²ÓÐÏàͬ¸öÊýµÄ×Ô±äÁ¿£¬º¯Êý´Óÿ¸ö
ÐòÁзֱðÈ¡³ö¶ÔÓ¦ÔªËØ×÷Ϊ×Ô±äÁ¿½øÐе÷Óã¨Èç¹ûij¸öÐòÁбÈÆäËüµÄ¶ÌÔòÈ¡³öµÄÖµÊÇNo
ne£©¡£Èç¹ûÖ¸¶¨µÄº¯ÊýÊÇNone£¬map()°ÑËüµ±³ÉÒ»¸ö·µ»Ø×Ô¼ºµÄ×Ô±äÁ¿µÄºãͬº¯Êý¡£ÔÚº¯
ÊýÓÃNoneµÄÇé¿öÏÂÖ¸¶¨¶à¸öÐòÁпÉÒ԰Ѷà¸öÐòÁдîÅäÆðÀ´£¬±ÈÈç¡°map(None, list1, l
ist2)¡±¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÁ½¸öÁбí×éºÏΪһ¸ö³É¶ÔÖµµÄÁÐ±í¡£¼ûÏÂÀý£º
>>> seq = range(8)
>>> def square(x): return x*x
...
>>> map(None, seq, map(square, seq))
[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25), (6, 36), (7, 49)]
¡°reduce(º¯Êý, ÐòÁÐ)¡±ÓÃÀ´½øÐÐÀàËÆÀÛ¼ÓÕâÑùµÄ²Ù×÷£¬ÕâÀïµÄº¯ÊýÊÇÒ»¸öÁ½¸ö×Ó±äÁ¿
µÄº¯Êý£¬reduce()ÏȶÔÐòÁеÄÇ°Á½Ïîµ÷Óú¯ÊýµÃµ½Ò»¸ö½á¹û£¬È»ºó¶Ô½á¹ûºÍÐòÁÐÏÂÒ»Ïî
µ÷Óú¯ÊýµÃµ½Ò»¸öнá¹û£¬Èç´Ë½øÐе½ÐòÁÐβ²¿¡£ÀýÈ磬Ҫ¼ÆËã1µ½10µÄºÍ£º
>>> def add(x,y): return x+y
...
>>> reduce(add, range(1, 11))
55
Èç¹ûÐòÁÐÖÐÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸öÖµÔò·µ»ØÕâ¸öÖµ£¬ÐòÁÐΪ¿Õʱ»á²úÉúÀýÍâ¡£¿ÉÒÔÖ¸¶¨µÚÈý¸ö×Ô±äÁ¿
×÷Ϊ³õʼֵ¡£Óгõʼֵʱ¶Ô¿ÕÐòÁк¯Êý½«·µ»Ø³õʼֵ£¬·ñÔòº¯ÊýÏȶԳõʼֵºÍÐòÁеÚÒ»
Ïî×÷Óã¬È»ºó¶Ô½á¹ûºÍÐòÁÐÏÂÒ»Ïî×÷Óã¬Èç´Ë½øÐе½ÐòÁÐβ¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> def sum(seq):
... def add(x,y): return x+y
... return reduce(add, seq, 0)
...
>>> sum(range(1, 11))
55
>>> sum([])
0
5.2 delÓï¾ä
ÉÏÃæÎÒÃÇ¿´µ½£¬ÁбíµÄremove()·½·¨¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÁбíÖÐɾȥij¸öÈ¡ÖµµÄÏÎÒÃÇ»¹¿ÉÒÔÓÃde
l Óï¾äÀ´É¾³ýÖ¸¶¨Ï±êµÄÏî¡£Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓÃdelÓï¾ä´ÓÁбíÖÐɾ³ýÒ»¸öƬ¶Ï£¨Ç°ÃæÎÒÃÇÊÇÓøø
Ƭ¶Ï¸³¿ÕÁбíµÄ°ì·¨É¾³ýƬ¶ÏµÄ£©¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> a
[-1, 1, 66.6, 333, 333, 1234.5]
>>> del a[0]
>>> a
[1, 66.6, 333, 333, 1234.5]
>>> del a[2:4]
>>> a
[1, 66.6, 1234.5]
delÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´É¾³ýÕû¸ö±äÁ¿£¬ÀýÈ磺
>>> del a
±äÁ¿É¾³ýÒÔºóÔÙÒýÓøñäÁ¿¾Í»á³ö´í£¨³ý·ÇÓÖ¸øËü¸³ÖµÁË£©¡£ºóÃæÎÒÃÇ»¹»á¿´µ½delµÄÆä
ËüһЩӦÓá£
5.3 Ðò±íºÍÐòÁÐ
ÎÒÃÇ¿´µ½ÁбíºÍ×Ö·û´®ÓÐÐí¶à¹²Í¬µã£¬ÀýÈ磬ϱêºÍƬ¶ÏÔËËã¡£ËüÃǶ¼ÊôÓÚÐòÁÐÊý¾ÝÀà
ÐÍ¡£ÒòΪPythonÊÇÒ»¸öÕýÔÚ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹µÄÓïÑÔ£¬ÒԺ󻹿ÉÄÜ»á¼ÓÈëÆäËüµÄÐòÁÐÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£
ÏÖÔÚ»¹ÓÐÒ»ÖÖ±ê×¼µÄÐòÁÐÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¬³ÆΪÐò±í£¨tuple£©¡£
Ðò±íÓÉһϵÁÐÖµÓöººÅ·Ö¸ô¶ø³É£¬ÀýÈ磺
>>> t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'
>>> t[0]
12345
>>> t
(12345, 54321, 'hello!')
>>> # Ðò±íÔÊÐíǶÌ×£º
... u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> u
((12345, 54321, 'hello!'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
Êä³öµÄÐò±í×ÜÊÇÓÃÀ¨ºÅ°üΧ£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ±£Ö¤Ç¶Ì×Ðò±íµÃÒÔÕýÈ·½âÊÍ¡£ÊäÈëʱ¿ÉÒÔÓÐÀ¨ºÅ
Ò²¿ÉÒÔûÓÐÀ¨ºÅ£¬µ±¾³£ÊDZØÐëÓÐÀ¨ºÅ£¨Èç¹ûÐò±íÊÇÒ»¸ö´ó±í´ïʽµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£©¡£
Ðò±íÓÐÐí¶àÓô¦£¬ÀýÈ磬£¨x£¬y£©×ø±ê¶Ô£¬Êý¾Ý¿âÖеÄÖ°¹¤¼Í¼£¬µÈµÈ¡£Ðò±íÓë×Ö·û´®
Ò»ÑùÊDz»¿É±äµÄ£º²»ÔÊÐí¶ÔÐò±íµÄijһÏֵ¡£
Éú³ÉÐò±íʱ¶Ô0Ïî»ò1ÏîµÄÐò±íÓÐÌØÊâµÄ¹æ¶¨£º¿ÕÐò±íÓÃÒ»¶Ô¿ÕÀ¨ºÅ±íʾ£»Ö»ÓÐÒ»ÏîµÄÐò
±íÓÃÒ»¸öÖ®ºóÃæ¸úÒ»¸ö¶¶ºÃ±íʾ£¨Ö¸°ÑÕâ¸öÖµ·ÅÔÚÀ¨ºÅÄÚÊDz»¹»µÄ£©¡£ÕâÑùд²»¹»ÃÀ¹Û
£¬µ«ºÜÓÐЧ¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> empty = ()
>>> singleton = 'hello', # <-- note trailing comma
>>> len(empty)
0
>>> len(singleton)
1
>>> singleton
('hello',)
Óï¾ät = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'ÊÇÐò±í´ò°üµÄÒ»¸öʵÀý£º12345, 54321ºÍ'hello!'Õâ
Щֵ±»´ò°ü½øÁËÒ»¸öÐò±íÖС£Ïà·´µÄ²Ù×÷Ò²ÊÇÔÊÐíµÄ£¬ÀýÈ磺
>>> x, y, z = t
Õâ½Ð×öÐò±í½â°ü¡£Ðò±í½â°üÒªÇóµÈºÅ×ó±ßµÄ±äÁ¿¸öÊýµÈÓÚÐò±íµÄ³¤¶È¡£×¢Òâ¶àÖظ³ÖµÖ»
ÊÇÐò±í´ò°üºÍÐò±í½â°üµÄÁªºÏʹÓá£ÓÐʱҲ¶ÔÁбí½øÐÐÀàËƲÙ×÷£¬¼´Áбí½â°ü¡£Ö»Òª°Ñ
¸÷±äÁ¿Ð´³ÉÒ»¸öÁбí¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½øÐнâ°ü£º
>>> a = ['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]
>>> [a1, a2, a3, a4] = a
5.4 ×Öµä
PythonÄÚÖõÄÁíÒ»¸öÓÐÓõÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍÊÇ×ֵ䡣×ÖµäÔÚÆäËüÓïÑÔÖÐÓÐʱ±»³ÆΪ¡°¹ØÁª¼ÇÒä
¡± »ò¡°¹ØÁªÊý×顱¡£×ֵ䲻ÏóÐòÁУ¬Ëü²»ÊÇÓÃÔÚÒ»¸ö·¶Î§Ö®ÄÚµÄÊý×ÖϱêÀ´Ë÷Òý£¬¶øÊÇ
ÓüüÖµÀ´Ë÷Òý£¬¼üÖµ¿ÉÒÔÊÇÈκβ»¿É±äÀàÐÍ¡£×Ö·û´®ºÍÊýÖµ×Ü¿ÉÒÔ×÷¼üÖµ¡£Èç¹ûÐò±íÖ»
°üº¬×Ö·û´®¡¢ÊýÖµ»òÐò±íÔòÐò±íÒ²¿ÉÒÔ×÷¼üֵʹÓá£ÁÐ±í²»ÄÜÓÃ×÷¼üÖµ£¬ÒòΪÁбí¿ÉÒÔ
ÓÃÆäappend()·½·¨¾ÍµØ¸Ä±äÖµ¡£
×îºÃ°Ñ×ֵ俴³ÉÊÇһϵÁÐδÅÅÐòµÄ¡°¼üÖµ£ºÖµ¡±µÄ¼¯ºÏ£¬ÔÚͬһ×ÖµäÄÚ¼üÖµÊÇ»¥²»Ïàͬ
µÄ¡£Ò»¶Ô¿Õ´óÀ¨ºÅ²úÉúÒ»¸ö¿Õ×ֵ䣺{}¡£ÔÚ´óÀ¨ºÅÄÚ¼ÓÈëÓöººÅ·Ö¿ªµÄ¡°¼üÖµ£ºÖµ¡±¶Ô
¿ÉÒÔÔÚ×ÖµäÄÚ¼ÓÈë³õʼµÄ¼üÖµºÍÖµ¶Ô£¬×ÖµäÔÚÊä³öʱҲÊÇÕâÑùÏÔʾµÄ¡£¶Ô×ÖµäµÄÖ÷Òª²Ù
×÷ÊÇÒÔij¸ö¼üÖµ±£´æÒ»¸öÖµ£¬ÒÔ¼°¸ø¶¨¼üÖµºó²éÕÒ¶ÔÓ¦µÄÖµ¡£Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓÃdelɾ³ýij¸ö¼üÖµ
£ºÖµ¶Ô¡£Èç¹ûÓÃÒ»¸öÒÑÓж¨ÒåµÄ¼üÖµ±£´æij¸öÖµÔòÔÀ´µÄÖ²±»ÒÅÍü¡£Óò»´æÔڵļüֵȥ
²éÕÒ»á³ö´í¡£
×Öµä¶ÔÏóµÄkeys()·½·¨·µ»Ø×ÖµäÖÐËùÓмüÖµ×é³ÉµÄÁÐ±í£¬´ÎÐòÊÇËæ»úµÄ¡£ÐèÒªÅÅÐòʱֻ
Òª¶Ô·µ»ØµÄ¼üÖµÁбíʹÓÃsort()·½·¨¡£ÎªÁ˼ì²éij¸ö¼üÖµÊÇ·ñÔÚ×ÖµäÖУ¬Ê¹ÓÃ×ÖµäµÄha
s_key() ·½·¨¡£
ÏÂÃæÊÇ×ÖµäʹÓõÄÒ»¸ö¼òµ¥Àý×Ó£º
>>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139}
>>> tel['guido'] = 4127
>>> tel
{'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
>>> tel['jack']
4098
>>> del tel['sape']
>>> tel['irv'] = 4127
>>> tel
{'guido': 4127, 'irv': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
>>> tel.keys()
['guido', 'irv', 'jack']
>>> tel.has_key('guido')
1
5.5 Ìõ¼þµÄ½øÒ»²½ÌÖÂÛ
ÔÚwhileÓï¾äºÍifÓï¾äÖÐʹÓõÄÌõ¼þ³ýÁË¿ÉÒÔʹÓñȽÏÖ®Í⻹¿ÉÒÔ°üº¬ÆäËüµÄÔËËã·û¡£±È
½ÏÔËËã·û¡°in¡±ºÍ¡°not in¡±¿ÉÒÔ¼ì²éÒ»¸öÖµÊÇ·ñÔÚÒ»¸öÐòÁÐÖС£ÔËËã·û¡°is¡±ºÍ¡°is
not ¡±±È½ÏÁ½¸ö¶ÔÏóÊÇ·ñÇ¡ºÃÊÇͬһ¸ö¶ÔÏó£¬ÕâÖ»¶ÔÏóÁбíÕâÑùµÄ¿É±ä¶ÔÏóÓÐÒâÒå¡£Ëù
ÓбȽÏÔËËãÓÅÏȼ¶Ïàͬ£¬¶ø±È½ÏÔËËãµÄÓÅÏȼ¶±ÈËùÓÐÊýÖµÔËËãÓÅÏȼ¶µÍ¡£
±È½ÏÔÊÐíÁ¬Ð´£¬ÀýÈ磬a < b == c¼ì²éÊÇ·ñaСÓÚµÈÓÚb¶øÇÒbµÈÓÚc¡£
±È½Ï¿ÉÒÔÓÃÂß¼ÔËËã·ûandºÍorÁ¬½ÓÆðÀ´£¬±È½ÏµÄ½á¹û£¨»òÆäËüÈκÎÂß¼±í´ïʽ£©¿ÉÒÔÓÃ
not È¡·´¡£Âß¼ÔËËã·ûÓÖ±ÈËùÓбȽÏÔËËã·ûµÍ£¬ÔÚÂß¼ÔËËã·ûÖУ¬notÓÅÏȼ¶×î¸ß£¬orµÄ
ÓÅÏȼ¶×îµÍ£¬ËùÒÔ¡°A and not B or C¡±Ó¦½âÊÍΪ¡°(A and (not B)) or C¡±¡£µ±È»£¬
¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ¨ºÅÀ´±íʾËùÐèµÄ×éºÏÌõ¼þ¡£
Âß¼ÔËËã·ûandºÍor³ÆΪ¡°¶Ì·¡±ÔËËã·û£ºÔËËã·ûÁ½²àµÄ±í´ïʽÊÇÏȼÆËã×ó±ßµÄ£¬Èç¹û×ó
±ßµÄ½á¹ûÒÑÖªÔòÕûÌå½á¹ûÒÑÖª¾Í²»ÔÙ¼ÆËãÓұߵıí´ïʽ¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûAºÍCΪÕæ¶øBΪ¼ÙÔò
¡°A and B and C¡±²»»á¼ÆËã±í´ïʽC¡£Ò»°ãµØ£¬µ±¶Ì·ÔËËã·ûµÄÔËËã½á¹û²»ÊÇÓÃ×÷Âß¼
ÖµµÄʱºò·µ»ØµÄÊÇ×îºóÇóÖµµÄÄǸö±í´ïʽµÄÖµ¡£
¿ÉÒ԰ѱȽϻòÆäËüÂß¼±í´ïʽµÄ½á¹û¸³¸øÒ»¸ö±äÁ¿¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> string1, string2, string3 = '', 'Trondheim', 'Hammer Dance'
>>> non_null = string1 or string2 or string3
>>> non_null
'Trondheim'
×¢ÒâPythonºÍC²»Í¬£¬±í´ïʽÖв»ÄܽøÐи³Öµ¡£
5.6 ÐòÁÐÓëÆäËüÀàÐ͵ıȽÏ
ÐòÁжÔÏó¿ÉÒÔºÍÆäËüͬÐòÁÐÀàÐ͵ĶÔÏó±È½Ï¡£±È½ÏʹÓÃ×ÖµäÐò£ºÏȱȽÏ×îÇ°ÃæÁ½ÏÈç
¹ûÕâÁ½ÏͬÔò½á¹û¿ÉÒÔÈ·¶¨£»Èç¹ûÕâÁ½ÏîÏàͬ£¬¾Í±È½ÏÏÂÃæµÄÁ½ÏÈç´ËÏÂÈ¥£¬Ö±µ½
ÓÐÒ»¸öÐòÁе½Í·ÎªÖ¹¡£Èç¹ûijÁ½Ïî±¾ÉíÒ²ÊÇͬÀàÐ͵ÄÐòÁУ¬Ôò½øÐеݹéµÄ×ÖµäÐò±È½Ï¡£
Èç¹ûÁ½¸öÐòÁеÄËùÓи÷ÏÏàµÈ£¬ÔòÕâÁ½¸öÐòÁÐÏàµÈ¡£Èç¹ûÒ»¸öÐòÁÐÊÇÁíÒ»¸öÐòÁеÄÒ»
¸ö³õʼ×ÓÐòÁУ¬¶ÌµÄÒ»¸öÊǽÏСµÄÒ»¸ö¡£×Ö·û´®µÄ×ÖµäÐò±È½Ï°´¸÷¸ö×Ö·ûµÄASCII´ÎÐò½ø
ÐС£ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÐòÁбȽϵÄʵÀý£º
(1, 2, 3) < (1, 2, 4)
[1, 2, 3] < [1, 2, 4]
'ABC' < 'C' < 'Pascal' < 'Python'
(1, 2, 3, 4) < (1, 2, 4)
(1, 2) < (1, 2, -1)
(1, 2, 3) = (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
(1, 2, ('aa', 'ab')) < (1, 2, ('abc', 'a'), 4)
×¢ÒⲻͬÀàÐ͵ĶÔÏó±È½ÏÄ¿Ç°Ò²ÊǺϷ¨µÄ¡£½á¹ûÊÇÈ·¶¨µÄµ«È´Ã»ÓÐʲôÒâÒ壺²»Í¬ÀàÐÍ
ÊÇ°´ÀàÐ͵ÄÃû×ÖÅÅÐòµÄ¡£ËùÒÔ£¬ÁÐ±í£¨list£©×ÜÊÇСÓÚ×Ö·û´®£¨string£©£¬×Ö·û´®×ÜÊÇ
СÓÚÐò±í£¨tuple£©£¬µÈµÈ¡£µ«ÊdzÌÐòÖв»ÄÜÒÀÀµÕâÑùµÄ±È½Ï¹æÔò£¬ÓïÑÔʵÏÖ¿ÉÄÜ»á¸Ä±ä
¡£²»Í¬µÄÊýÖµÀàÐÍ¿ÉÒÔ°´ÊýÖµÀ´±È½Ï£¬ËùÒÔ0µÈÓÚ0.0£¬µÈµÈ¡£
--
¡ù À´Ô´:¡¤BBS ˮľÇ廪վ smth.org¡¤[FROM: 202.112.255.153]·¢ÐÅÈË: mikky (ЦÎûÎû), ÐÅÇø: Python
±ê Ìâ: Re: ÖÐÎÄ£ºpython-tutorial
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: BBS ˮľÇ廪վ (Tue Mar 27 23:32:41 2001)
µÚÁùÕ ģ¿é
Èç¹ûÍ˳öPython½âÊͳÌÐòÈ»ºóÔÙ½øÈ룬ÔÓеĶ¨Ò壨º¯ÊýºÍ±äÁ¿£©¾Í¶ªÊ§ÁË¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç
¹ûÐèҪд³¤Ò»µãµÄ³ÌÐò£¬×îºÃÓÃÒ»¸öÎı¾±à¼³ÌÐòΪ½âÊͳÌÐò×¼±¸ÊäÈ룬ȻºóÒÔ³ÌÐòÎÄ
¼þ×÷ΪÊäÈëÀ´ÔËÐÐPython½âÊͳÌÐò£¬Õâ³ÆΪ׼±¸½Å±¾£¨script£©¡£µ±ÄãµÄ³ÌÐò±ä³¤Ê±£¬
×îºÃ°ÑËü²ð·Ö³É¼¸¸öÎļþÒÔÀûÓÚά»¤¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÄÜÏëÔÚ¼¸¸ö³ÌÐòÖж¼Ê¹ÓÃij¸öºÜ·½±ãµÄº¯
Êý£¬µ«ÓÖ²»Ïë°Ñº¯Êý¶¨Ò帳ֵµ½Ã¿Ò»¸ö³ÌÐòÖС£
ΪÁËÖ§³ÖÕâЩ£¬PythonÓÐÒ»ÖÖ°ì·¨¿ÉÒ԰Ѷ¨Òå·ÅÔÚÒ»¸öÎļþÖÐÈ»ºó¾Í¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»¸ö½Å±¾ÖÐ
»ò½»»¥ÔËÐÐÖе÷Óá£ÕâÑùµÄÎļþ½Ð×öÒ»¸öÄ£¿é£»Ä£¿éÖеĶ¨Òå¿ÉÒÔµ¼ÈëÆäËüÄ£¿é»òÖ÷Ä£
¿é£¨Ö÷Ä£¿éÖ¸ÔÚ½âÊͳÌÐò¶¥¼¶Ö´ÐеĽű¾»ò½»»¥Ö´ÐеijÌÐòËùÄÜ·ÃÎʵıäÁ¿¼¯ºÏ£©¡£
Ä£¿éÊÇ°üº¬ÁËPython¶¨ÒåºÍÓï¾äµÄÎļþ¡£ÎļþÃûÓÉÄ£¿éÃû¼ÓÉϺó׺¡°.py¡±¹¹³É¡£ÔÚÄ£¿é
ÄÚ£¬Ä£¿éµÄÃû×Ö£¨×÷Ϊһ¸ö×Ö·û´®£©¿ÉÒÔÓÉÈ«¾Ö±äÁ¿__name__µÄÖµ»ñÖª¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚPyth
onµÄËÑË÷·¾¶ÖÐÓÃÄãÏ°¹ßʹÓõÄÎı¾±à¼Æ÷£¨Python 1.5.2°üº¬ÁËÒ»¸öÓÃTkinter±àдµÄ
IDLE¼¯³É¿ª·¢»·¾³£¬MS WindowsÏÂÓÐÒ»¸öPythonWin½çÃæÒ²¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐPython³ÌÐò±à¼£©Éú
³ÉÒ»¸öÃûΪ¡°fibo.py ¡±µÄÎļþ£¬°üº¬ÈçÏÂÄÚÈÝ£º
# Fibonacci numbers module
¡¡
def fib(n): # Êä³öСÓÚnµÄFibonacciÐòÁÐ
a, b = 0, 1
while b < n:
print b,
a, b = b, a+b
¡¡
def fib2(n): # ·µ»ØСÓÚnµÄFibonacciÐòÁÐ
result = []
a, b = 0, 1
while b < n:
result.append(b)
a, b = b, a+b
return result
È»ºó½øÈëPython½âÊͳÌÐò£¨ÔÚIDLE»òPythonWinÖпÉÒÔÖ±½Ó½øÈë½âÊͳÌÐò´°¿Ú£©£¬ÓÃÈçÏÂ
ÃüÁî¿ÉÒÔµ¼ÈëÄ£¿é£º
>>> import fibo
Õâ²»»á°ÑÄ£¿éfiboÖеĺ¯ÊýµÄÃû×ÖÖ±½ÓÒýÈ뵱ǰµÄ·ûºÅ±í£¬ÕâÖ»ÊÇ°ÑÄ£¿éÃûfiboÒýÈë¡£
¿ÉÒÔÓÃÄ£¿éÃûÀ´·ÃÎÊÆäÖеĺ¯Êý£º
>>> fibo.fib(1000)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987
>>> fibo.fib2(100)
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
>>> fibo.__name__
'fibo'
Èç¹û¾³£Ê¹ÓÃij¸öº¯Êý¿ÉÒÔ¸øËü¸³Ò»¸ö¾Ö²¿Ãû×Ö£º
>>> fib = fibo.fib
>>> fib(500)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
6.1 Ä£¿éµÄ½øÒ»²½½éÉÜ
Ä£¿é³ýÁË¿ÉÒÔ°üº¬º¯Êý¶¨ÒåÖ®ÍâÒ²¿ÉÒÔ°üº¬¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÓï¾ä¡£ÕâЩ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÓï¾äÓÃÀ´³õʼ»¯Ä£
¿é£¬ËüÃÇÖ»ÔÚÄ£¿éµÚÒ»´Î±»µ¼ÈëʱִÐС£
ÿ¸öÄ£¿éÓÐ×Ô¼ºË½ÓеķûºÅ±í£¬Õâ¸ö˽ÓзûºÅ±í¶ÔÓÚÄ£¿éÖеÄËùÓк¯Êý¶øÑÔÈ´ÊÇËüÃǵÄ
È«¾Ö·ûºÅ±í¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ä£¿é×÷Õß¿ÉÒÔÔÚÄ£¿éÖÐʹÓÃÈ«¾Ö±äÁ¿¶ø²»Ðèµ£ÐÄÓëÄ£¿éÓû§µÄÈ«¾Ö
±äÁ¿³åÍ»¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬Èç¹ûÄãÓаÑÎյĻ°Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓ÷ÃÎÊÄ£¿éÖк¯ÊýµÄ¸ñʽ£¬¼´modname.
itemnameµÄ·½·¨À´ÐÞ¸ÄÄ£¿éÖеÄÈ«¾Ö±äÁ¿¡£
Ä£¿é¿ÉÒÔµ¼ÈëÆäËüÄ£¿é¡£ÎÒÃÇͨ³£°ÑËùÓеĵ¼ÈëÓï¾ä·ÅÔÚÄ£¿é£¨»ò½Å±¾£©µÄ¿ªÊ¼Î»Öã¬
Õâ²»Êǹ涨ҪÇóµÄ¡£µ¼ÈëµÄÄ£¿éÃû·ÅÈëÄ£¿éµÄÈ«¾Ö·ûºÅ±íÖС£
µ¼È뻹ÓÐÁíÒ»ÖÖÓ÷¨£¬¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÄ£¿éÖеÄÃû×ÖÖ±½Óµ¼ÈëʹÓÃÕߵķûºÅ±í¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> from fibo import fib, fib2
>>> fib(500)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
Õâ²»»á°ÑÄ£¿éÃûµ¼ÈëʹÓÃÕߵķûºÅ±íÖУ¨ÀýÈ磬ÉÏÃæÀý×ÓÖÐfibo¾ÍûÓж¨Ò壩¡£
»¹ÓÐÒ»ÖÖ°ì·¨¿ÉÒÔµ¼ÈëÒ»¸öÄ£¿éÖж¨ÒåµÄËùÓÐÃû×Ö£º
>>> from fibo import *
>>> fib(500)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
Õâ¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÄ£¿éÖгýÁËÒÔÏ»®Ïß½áβµÄËùÓÐÃû×Öµ¼Èë¡£
6.1.1 Ä£¿éËÑË÷·¾¶
ÔÚµ¼ÈëÃûΪspamµÄÄ£¿éʱ£¬½âÊͳÌÐòÏÈÔÚµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼ÖÐÑ°ÕÒÃûΪ¡°spam.py¡±µÄÎļþ£¬È»ºó
´Ó»·¾³±äÁ¿PYTHONPATHËù¶¨ÒåµÄĿ¼ÁбíÖÐÑ°ÕÒ¡£PYTHONPATHµÄÓ÷¨ºÍ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþµÄËÑ
Ë÷·¾¶PATHÓ÷¨Ïàͬ£¬¶¼ÊÇÒ»¸öĿ¼ÁÐ±í¡£µ±PYTHONPATHδÉèÖõÄʱºò£¬»òÕßÎļþÈÔÕÒ
²»µ½£¬ÔòËÑË÷¼ÌÐøÔÚ°²×°Ê±É趨µÄȱʡ·¾¶ËÑË÷£¬ÔÚUnixÖУ¬Õâͨ³£ÊÇ¡°.:/usr/local
/lib/python¡± ¡£
ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Ä£¿éÊÇ°´±äÁ¿sys.pathÖ¸¶¨µÄ·¾¶ËÑË÷µÄ£¬´Ë±äÁ¿ÔÚ½âÊͳÌÐòÆô¶¯Ê±³õʼ»¯Îª
°üº¬ÊäÈë½Å±¾µÄĿ¼£¨»òµ±Ç°Â·¾¶£©£¬PYTHONPATHºÍ°²×°È±Ê¡Â·¾¶¡£ÕâÑù£¬Óû§¿ÉÒÔͨ
¹ýÐÞ¸Äsys.path À´Ð޸ĺÍÌ滻ģ¿éËÑË÷·¾¶¡£²Î¼ûºóÃæ¹ØÓÚ±ê׼ģ¿éµÄÒ»½Ú¡£
6.1.2 ¡°±àÒ롱µÄPythonÎļþ
ΪÁËÌá¸ßµ÷ÓÃÐí¶à±ê׼ģ¿éµÄС³ÌÐòµÄÆô¶¯Ê±¼ä£¬Ò»¸öÖØÒªµÄ´ëÊ©ÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÔÚÕÒµ½¡°sp
am.py ¡±µÄĿ¼ÖдæÔÚÒ»¸öÃûΪ¡°spam.pyc¡±µÄÎļþ£¬¾ÍÈÏΪ´ËÎļþ°üº¬ÁËÄ£¿éspamµÄ
Ò»¸öËùν¡° ×Ö½Ú±àÒ롱°æ±¾¡£ÓÃÓÚÉú³É¡°spam.pyc¡±µÄ¡°spam.py¡±µÄÐÞ¸Äʱ¼ä±»¼ÇÈë
ÁË¡°spam.pyc¡±ÖУ¬Èç¹û¼Ç¼µÄÐÞ¸Äʱ¼äÓëÏÖÔÚÎļþµÄʱ¼ä²»Ïà·ûµÄ»°¾ÍºöÂÔ±àÒëÎļþ
¡£
Ò»°ã²»ÐèÒª×Ô¼ºÉú³É¡°spam.pyc¡±ÕâÑùµÄ±àÒëÎļþ¡£Ã¿µ±¡°spam.py¡±³É¹¦±àÒëºó½âÊͳÌ
Ðò¾Í³¢ÊÔд±àÒë°æ±¾¡°spam.pyc¡±£¬Èç¹û²»¿ÉдҲ²»»á³ö´í£»Èç¹ûÒòΪijÖÖÔÒò´ËÎļþ
ûÓÐдÍêÔòÉú³ÉµÄ¡°spam.pyc¡±±»Ê¶±ðΪ²»ÍêÕûµÄ¶ø±»ºöÂÔ¡£±àÒëÎļþ¡°spam.pyc¡±µÄ
¸ñʽÊDz»ÒÀÀµÓÚƽ̨µÄ£¬ËùÒÔ²»Í¬½á¹¹µÄ»úÆ÷¿ÉÒÔ¹²ÏíPythonÄ£¿éĿ¼¡£
ÏÂÃæÊǶÔר¼ÒµÄһЩÇÏÃÅ£º
Èç¹ûPython½âÊͳÌÐòÊÇÒÔ-O±êÖ¾Æô¶¯µÄ£¬½«Éú³ÉÓÅ»¯µÄ±àÒë´úÂ룬±£´æÔÚ¡°.pyo¡±Îļþ
ÖС£Ä¿Ç°ÓÅ»¯²»ÊǺܶ࣬ÏÖÔÚÖ»ÊÇÈ¥µôassertÓï¾äºÍSET_LINENOÖ¸ÁʹÓÃÁË-O±ê־ʱ
£¬ËùÓÐ×Ö½ÚÂ붼ÊÇÓÅ»¯µÄ£¬¡°.pyc¡±Îļþ±»ºöÂÔ£¬¡°.py¡±Îļþ±»±àÒëΪÓÅ»¯µÄ×Ö½ÚÂë¡£
¸øPython½âÊͳÌÐòÁ½¸öÓÅ»¯±êÖ¾£¨-OO£©²úÉúµÄÓÅ»¯´úÂëÓÐʱ»áµ¼Ö³ÌÐòÔËÐв»Õý³£¡£Ä¿
Ç°Ë«ÖØÓÅ»¯Ö»´Ó×Ö½ÚÂëÖÐɾ³ýÁË__doc__×Ö·û´®£¬Ê¹µÃ¡°.pyo¡±Îļþ½ÏС¡£ÓÐЩ³ÌÐò¿ÉÄÜ
ÊÇÒÀÀµÓÚÎĵµ×Ö·û´®µÄ£¬ËùÒÔÖ»ÓÐÔÚÈ·Öª²»»áÓÐÎÊÌâʱ²Å¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÕâÑùµÄÓÅ»¯¡£
´Ó¡°.pyc¡±»ò¡°.pyo¡±¶ÁÈëµÄ³ÌÐò²¢²»Äܱȴӡ°.py¡±¶ÁÈëµÄÔËÐиü¿ì£¬ËüÃÇÖ»Êǵ÷ÈëËÙ
¶È¸ü¿ìһЩ¡£
Èç¹ûÒ»¸ö³ÌÐòÊÇÓÃÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÖ¸¶¨½Å±¾ÎļþÃûµÄ·½Ê½ÔËÐеģ¬½Å±¾µÄ×Ö½ÚÂë²»»áдÈë¡°.p
yc ¡±»ò¡°.pyo¡±Îļþ¡£ËùÒÔÈç¹û°Ñ³ÌÐòµÄÖ÷Òª´úÂ붼ÒÆÈëÒ»¸öÄ£¿é£¬½Å±¾ÖÐֻʣϵ¼Èë
¸ÃÄ£¿éµÄÒýµ¼³ÌÐòÔò¿ÉÒÔÂÔ΢Ëõ¶Ì½Å±¾µÄÆô¶¯Ê±¼ä¡£
¿ÉÒÔÓнÐ×ö¡°spam.pyc¡±£¨µ±ÓÃÁË-O±ê־ʱΪ¡°spam.pyo¡±£©µÄÎļþ¶øûÓжÔÓ¦µÄÔ´ÎÄ
¼þ¡°spam.py¡±¡£Õâ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´·Ö·¢Ò»¸ö±È½ÏÄÑ·´±àÒëµÄPython´úÂë¿â¡£
Ä£¿écompileall¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÒ»¸öĿ¼ÖÐËùÓÐÄ£¿é±àÒëΪ¡°.pyc¡±Îļþ£¨Ö¸¶¨ÁË-OÑ¡Ïîʱ±àÒë
Ϊ¡°.pyo¡±Îļþ£©¡£
6.2 ±ê׼ģ¿é
Python´øÓÐÒ»¸ö±ê׼ģ¿é¿â£¬ÔÚÁíÒ»¸öÎĵµ¡¶Python¿â²Î¿¼¡·ÖнøÐÐÁËÃèÊö¡£Ò»Ð©Ä£¿é
Ö±½Ó±àÈëÁ˽âÊͳÌÐòÖУ¬ÕâЩģ¿é²»ÊÇÓïÑԵĺËÐÄ£¬ÎªÁËÔËÐÐЧÂÊ»òÕßΪÁËÌṩ¶ÔÓÚϵ
ͳµ÷ÓÃÕâÑùµÄϵͳµ×²ã¹¦Äܶø±àÈëÁ˽âÊͳÌÐòÖС£ÌṩÄÇЩģ¿éÊDZàÒëʱµÄÑ¡Ôñ£¬ÀýÈç
£¬amoebaÄ£¿éÖ»ÔÚÌṩamoebaµ×²ãÖ¸ÁîµÄϵͳÖвÅÄÜÌṩ¡£
ÓÐÒ»¸öÄ£¿éÖµµÃÌرðÖØÊÓ£ºsysÄ£¿é£¬Ã¿Ò»¸öPython½âÊͳÌÐòÖж¼±àÒëÈëÁËÕâ¸öÄ£¿é¡£±ä
Á¿sys.ps1ºÍsys.ps2¶¨ÒåÁ˽»»¥ÔËÐÐʱµÄ³õʼÌáʾºÍÐøÐÐÌáʾ¡£
>>> import sys
>>> sys.ps1
'>>> '
>>> sys.ps2
'... '
>>> sys.ps1 = 'C> '
C> print 'Yuck!'
Yuck!
C>
ÕâÁ½¸ö±äÁ¿Ö»ÔÚ½âÊͳÌÐòÒÔ½»»¥·½Ê½ÔËÐÐʱ²ÅÓж¨Òå¡£
±äÁ¿sys.pathÊÇÒ»¸ö×Ö·û´®ÁÐ±í£¬ÓÉËüÈ·¶¨½âÊͳÌÐòµÄÄ£¿éËÑË÷·¾¶¡£Ëü±»³õʼ»¯Îª»·
¾³±äÁ¿PYTHONPATHËùÖ¸¶¨µÄȱʡ·¾¶£¬»·¾³±äÁ¿Ã»Óж¨Òåʱ³õʼ»¯Îª°²×°Ê±µÄȱʡ·¾¶
¡£¿ÉÒÔÓñê×¼µÄÁбí²Ù×÷ÐÞ¸ÄÕâ¸öËÑË÷·¾¶£¬ÀýÈ磺
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.append('/ufs/guido/lib/python')
6.3 dir()º¯Êý
ÄÚÖú¯Êýdir()ÓÃÓÚÁгöÒ»¸öÄ£¿éËù¶¨ÒåµÄÃû×Ö£¬Ëü·µ»ØÒ»¸ö×Ö·û´®ÁÐ±í£º
>>> import fibo, sys
>>> dir(fibo)
['__name__', 'fib', 'fib2']
>>> dir(sys)
['__name__', 'argv', 'builtin_module_names', 'copyright', 'exit',
'maxint', 'modules', 'path', 'ps1', 'ps2', 'setprofile', 'settrace',
'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'version']
ûÓÐ×Ô±äÁ¿Ê±£¬dir()Áгöµ±Ç°¶¨ÒåµÄÃû×Ö¡£
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> import fibo, sys
>>> fib = fibo.fib
>>> dir()
['__name__', 'a', 'fib', 'fibo', 'sys']
×¢Òâdir()ÁгöÁËËùÓи÷ÀàÃû×Ö£º±äÁ¿Ãû¡¢Ä£¿éÃû¡¢º¯ÊýÃû£¬µÈµÈ¡£dir()²»»áÁгöÄÚÖÃ
º¯Êý¡¢±äÁ¿µÄÃû×Ö¡£ÒªÏëÁгöÄÚÖÃÃû×ֵĻ°ÐèҪʹÓñê׼ģ¿é__builtin__£º
>>> import __builtin__
>>> dir(__builtin__)
['AccessError', 'AttributeError', 'ConflictError', 'EOFError', 'IOError',
'ImportError', 'IndexError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt',
'MemoryError', 'NameError', 'None', 'OverflowError', 'RuntimeError',
'SyntaxError', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TypeError', 'ValueError',
'ZeroDivisionError', '__name__', 'abs', 'apply', 'chr', 'cmp', 'coerce',
'compile', 'dir', 'divmod', 'eval', 'execfile', 'filter', 'float',
'getattr', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'len', 'long',
'map', 'max', 'min', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'range', 'raw_input',
'reduce', 'reload', 'repr', 'round', 'setattr', 'str', 'type', 'xrange']
6.4 °ü
PythonÖпÉÒÔÓá°°ü¡±À´×éÖ¯PythonµÄÄ£¿éÃû×ֿռ䣬Ãû×ÖÒýÓÃʱ¿ÉÒÔÓá°´øµãµÄÄ£¿é
Ãû¡£ÀýÈ磬ģ¿éÃûA.B´ú±í°ü¡°A¡±ÄÚÃûΪ¡°B¡±µÄ×ÓÄ£¿é¡£ÕýÈçʹÓÃÄ£¿é¿ÉÒÔʹ²»Í¬Ä£¿é
µÄ×÷Õß²»ÓùËÂDZ˴˵ÄÈ«¾Ö±äÁ¿Ãû»á³åÍ»£¬Ê¹ÓôøµãµÄÄ£¿éÃû¿ÉÒÔʹ¶àÄ£¿é°üÈçNumPyºÍ
PILµÄ×÷Õß²»ÐèÒªµ£Ðı˴˵ÄÄ£¿éÃû»á³åÍ»¡£
¼ÙÉèÄãÓÐһϵÁд¦ÀíÉùÒôÎļþºÍÉùÒôÊý¾ÝµÄÄ£¿é£¨³ÆΪһ¸ö¡°°ü¡±£©¡£ÓÐÐí¶àÖÖ²»Í¬µÄ
ÉùÒôÎļþ¸ñʽ£¨Í¨³£ÓÃÀ©Õ¹ÃûÀ´Ê¶±ð£¬Èç¡°wav¡±£¬¡°.aiff¡±£¬¡°.au¡±£©£¬ËùÒÔÄã¿ÉÄÜ
ÐèÒªÖÆ×÷²¢Î¬»¤Ò»×é²»¶ÏÔö¼ÓµÄÄ£¿éÀ´´¦Àí²»Í¬Îļþ¸ñʽµÄת»»¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÄÜÐèÒª¶ÔÉùÒô
Êý¾Ý½øÐÐÐí¶à²»Í¬µÄ²Ù×÷£¨Èç»ìÒô¡¢»ØÏì¡¢¾ùºâ¡¢²úÉúÄ£ÄâÁ¢ÌåÉùЧ¹û£©£¬ËùÒÔÄ㻹Ðè
Òª²»¶ÏÔö¼ÓÄ£¿éÀ´Ö´ÐÐÕâЩ²Ù×÷¡£Ò»ÏÂÊÇÄãµÄ³ÌÐò°üµÄ¿ÉÄܵĽṹ£¨ÓÃÒ»¸ö·Ö²ãÎļþϵ
ͳ±íʾ£©£º
¡¡
Sound/ ¶¥²ã°ü
__init__.py ³õʼ»¯ÒôÏì°ü
Formats/ ÓÃÓÚÎļþ¸ñʽת»»µÄ×Ó³ÌÐò°ü
__init__.py
wavread.py
wavwrite.py
aiffread.py
aiffwrite.py
auread.py
auwrite.py
...
Effects/ ÓÃÓÚÒôÏìЧ¹ûµÄ×Ó³ÌÐò°ü
__init__.py
echo.py
surround.py
reverse.py
...
Filters/ ÓÃÓÚÂ˲¨µÄ×Ó³ÌÐò°ü
__init__.py
equalizer.py
vocoder.py
karaoke.py
...
¡¡
°üĿ¼Öеġ°__init__.py¡±ÎļþÊDZØÐëµÃ£¬ÓÃÀ´Ö¸Ê¾Python°ÑÕâ¸öĿ¼¿´³É°ü£¬Õâ¿ÉÒÔ
·ÀÖ¹ÓÐÏàͬÃû×ÖÈç¡°string¡±µÄ×ÓĿ¼ÑÚ¸ÇסÔÚËÑË÷·¾¶ºóÃæһЩ³öÏÖµÄÄ£¿é¶¨Òå¡£ÔÚ
×î¼òµ¥µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬¡°__init__.py¡±¿ÉÒÔÊÇÒ»¸ö¿ÕÎļþ£¬ËüÒ²¿ÉÒÔ°üº¬³õʼ»¯°üËùÐèµÄ´ú
Â룬ºÍÉèÖá°__all__¡±±äÁ¿£¬ÕâЩºóÃæ»á¼ÓÒÔÌÖÂÛ¡£
°üµÄÓû§¿ÉÒÔ´Ó°üÖе¼Èëµ¥¶ÀµÄÄ£¿é£¬È磺
import Sound.Effects.echo
Õâ¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ×ÓÄ£¿éSound.Effects.echoµ¼Èë¡£ÒªÒýÓÃËüÒ²±ØÐëÓÃÈ«Ãû£¬ÀýÈ磺
Sound.Effects.echo.echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
µ¼Èë×ÓÄ£¿éµÄÁíÒ»ÖÖ°ì·¨ÊÇ£º
from Sound.Effects import echo
ÕâͬÑùÒ²µ¼Èë×ÓÄ£¿éecho£¬µ«µ÷ÓÃʱ²»Ðèд°üǰ׺£¬ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÈ磺
echo.echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
ÁíÍâÒ»ÖÖд·¨ÊÇÖ±½Óµ¼ÈëËùÐèµÄº¯Êý»ò±äÁ¿£º
from Sound.Effects.echo import echofilter
ÕâÒ»´ÎͬÑùÊǵ÷ÈëÁË×ÓÄ£¿éecho£¬µ«ÊÇʹÆ亯ÊýechofilterÖ±½Ó¿ÉÓãº
echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
×¢ÒâʹÓá°from °ü import ÏÕâÑùµÄ¸ñʽʱ£¬µ¼ÈëµÄÏî¿ÉÒÔÊÇ°üµÄÒ»¸ö×ÓÄ£¿é£¨»ò×Ó
°ü£©£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÊÇ°üÄÚ¶¨ÒåµÄÆäËüÃû×ÖÈ纯Êý¡¢Àà¡¢±äÁ¿¡£µ¼ÈëÓï¾äÊ×ÏȲéÕÒ°üÄÚÊÇ·ñ¶¨
ÒåÁËËùÐèµÄÏÈç¹ûûÓÐÔò¼ÙÉèËüÊÇÒ»¸öÄ£¿éÈ»ºóµ÷Èë¡£Èç¹ûÕÒ²»µ½£¬½á¹ûÒýÆðImport
Error¡£
Ïà·´µÄ£¬µ±Ê¹Óá°import item.subitem.subsubitem¡±ÕâÑùµÄ¸ñʽʱ£¬³ý×îºóÒ»¸öÍâÆä
Ëü¸÷ÏӦ¸ÃÊÇ°ü£¬×îºóÒ»Ïî¿ÉÒÔÊÇ°üÒ²¿ÉÒÔÊÇÄ£¿é£¬²»ÔÊÐíÊÇÇ°ÃæÒ»ÏîÄÚ²¿¶¨ÒåµÄÀà
¡¢º¯Êý»ò±äÁ¿¡£
6.4.1 ´Ó°üÖе¼Èë*
ÏÖÔÚ£¬Èç¹ûÓû§Ð´¡°from Sound.Effects import *¡±»á·¢ÉúʲôÇé¿ö£¿ÀíÏëÇé¿öÏÂÎÒÃÇ
Ï£ÍûÕâÓ¦¸ÃɨÃèÎļþϵͳ£¬ÕÒµ½ËùÓаüÄÚµÄ×ÓÄ£¿é²¢°ÑËüÃǶ¼µ¼Èë½øÀ´¡£²»ÐÒµÄÊÇÕâÖÖ
²Ù×÷ÔÚMacºÍWindowsƽ̨Éϲ»ÄÜ׼ȷʵÏÖ£¬ÕâÁ½ÖÖ²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶ÔÎļþÃûµÄ´óСдûÓÐ׼ȷ
ÐÅÏ¢¡£ÔÚÕâЩƽ̨ÉÏ£¬²»ÖªµÀÃûΪ¡°ECHO.PY¡±µÄÎļþ»á×÷Ϊģ¿éecho¡¢Echo»¹ÊÇECHO±»
µ¼Èë¡££¨ÀýÈ磬Windows 95ÔÚÏÔʾÎļþÃûʱ×ÜÊÇÌÖÑáµØ°ÑµÚÒ»¸ö×Öĸ´óд£©¡£DOSµÄ8£«
3ÎļþÃûÏÞÖƸüÊǶԳ¤Ä£¿éÃûÔì³ÉÁËÓÐȤµÄÀ§ÄÑ¡£
Õâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄΨһ½â¾ö°ì·¨ÊÇÓÉÄ£¿é×÷ÕßÏÔʽµØÌṩ°üµÄË÷Òý¡£ÒýÈë*µÄimportÓï¾ä×ñÑÈç
Ϲ涨£ºÈç¹û°üµÄ¡°__init__.py¡±Îļþ¶¨ÒåÁËÒ»¸öÃûΪ¡°__all__¡±µÄÁÐ±í£¬Õâ¸öÁбí
¾Í×÷Ϊ´Ó°üÄÚµ¼Èë*ʱҪµ¼ÈëµÄËùÓÐÄ£¿éµÄÃû×Ö±í¡£Òò´Ëµ±°üµÄа汾·¢²¼Ê±ÐèÒª°üµÄ×÷
ÕßÈ·±£Õâ¸öÁбíÊÇ×îеġ£°üµÄ×÷ÕßÈç¹ûÈÏΪ²»ÐèÒªµ¼Èë*µÄ»°Ò²¿ÉÒÔ²»Ö§³ÖÕâÖÖÓ÷¨¡£
ÀýÈ磬ÎļþSounds/Effects/__init__.py ¿ÉÒÔ°üº¬ÈçÏ´úÂ룺
¡¡
__all__ = ["echo", "surround", "reverse"]
ÕâÒâζ×Åfrom Sound.Effects import *½«´ÓSound°üÖе¼ÈëÖ¸¶¨µÄÈý¸ö×Ó°ü¡£¡¡
Èç¹ûûÓж¨Òå__all__£¬Ôòfrom Sound.Effects import *Óï¾ä²»»áµ¼ÈëSound.Effects°ü
ÖеÄËùÓÐ×ÓÄ£¿é£»´ËÓï¾äÖ»Äܱ£Ö¤Sound.Effects±»µ¼È루¿ÉÄÜÊÇÖ´ÐÐÆä³õʼ»¯´úÂë¡°_
_init__.py ¡±£©²¢µ¼Èë°üÖÐÖ±½Ó¶¨ÒåµÄÃû×Ö¡£Õâ°üÀ¨ÓÉ¡°__init__.py¡±¶¨ÒåµÄÈκÎÃû
×ÖºÍÏÔʽµ¼ÈëµÄ×ÓÄ£¿éÃû¡£ÕâÒ²°üÀ¨Ä£¿éÖÐÒѾÔÚÇ°ÃæÓÃimportÏÔʽµØµ¼ÈëµÄ×ÓÄ£¿é£¬
ÀýÈ磺
¡¡
import Sound.Effects.echo
import Sound.Effects.surround
from Sound.Effects import *
¡¡
ÔÚÕâ¸öÀý×ÓÖУ¬echoºÍsurroundÄ£¿é±»µ¼È뵱ǰÃû×ֿռ䣬ÒòΪËüÃÇÔÚÖ´ÐÐfrom...imp
ort Óï¾äʱÒѶ¨Ò壨ÔÚ¶¨ÒåÁË__all__µÄÇé¿öÏÂÕâÒ»µãÒ²ÊdzÉÁ¢µÄ£©¡£
×¢ÒâÓû§Ó¦¾¡Á¿±ÜÃâʹÓôÓÄ£¿é»ò°üÖе¼Èë*µÄ×ö·¨£¬ÒòΪÕâÑù¾³£µ¼Ö¿ɶÁÐÔ²îµÄ´úÂë
¡£¾¡¹ÜÈç´Ë£¬ÔÚ½»»¥ÔËÐÐʱ¿ÉÒÔÓõ¼Èë*µÄ°ì·¨½ÚÊ¡Çüü´ÎÊý£¬¶øÇÒÓÐЩģ¿éÔÚÉè¼Æʱ¾Í
¿¼Âǵ½ÁËÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬ËüÃÇÖ»Êä³ö×ñÑijÖÖÔ¼¶¨µÄÃû×Ö¡£×¢Ò⣬from °ü import Ìض¨×ÓÄ£
¿éµÄÓ÷¨²¢Ã»ÓÐ´í£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏÕ⻹ÊÇÎÒÃÇÍƼöµÄÓ÷¨£¬³ý·Ç³ÌÐò»¹ÐèÒªÓõ½À´×ÔÆäËü°üµÄ
ͬÃûµÄ×ÓÄ£¿é¡£
6.4.2 °üÄÚ²¿ÒýÓÃ
×ÓÄ£¿é³£³£ÐèÒª±Ë´ËÒýÓá£ÀýÈ磬ģ¿ésurround¿ÉÄÜÒªÓõ½Ä£¿éecho¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÕâÑùµÄ
ÒýÓÃÊ®·Ö³£¼û£¬ËùÒÔimportÓï¾äÊ×ÏÈ´Ó×ÓÄ£¿éµÄËùÔÚ°üÖÐÑ°ÕÒÒªµ¼ÈëµÄ×ÓÄ£¿é²ÅÔÚ±ê×¼
Ä£¿éËÑË÷·¾¶²éÕÒ¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Ä£¿ésurroundֻҪдimport echo»òfrom echo import echo
filter¡£Èç¹ûÔÚ°üº¬±¾Ä£¿éµÄ°üÖÐûÓÐÕÒµ½Òªµ¼ÈëµÄÄ£¿é£¬importÓï¾ä½«È¥Ñ°ÕÒÖ¸¶¨Ãû
×ֵĶ¥¼¶Ä£¿é¡£
µ±°ü×éÖ¯³É×Ó°üʱ£¨±ÈÈçÀýÖеÄSound°ü£©£¬Ã»ÓÐÒ»ÖÖ¼òµ¥µÄ°ì·¨¿ÉÒÔÒýÓÃÐֵܰüÖеÄ×Ó
Ä£¿é¨D¨D±ØÐëʹÓÃ×ÓÄ£¿éµÄÈ«Ãû¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÄ£¿éSound.Filters.vocoderÒªÒýÓÃSound
.Effects °üÖеÄechoÄ£¿é£¬Ëü¿ÉÒÔÓÃSound.Effects import echo¡£
--
¡ù À´Ô´:¡¤BBS ˮľÇ廪վ smth.org¡¤[FROM: 202.112.255.153]
·¢ÐÅÈË: mikky (ЦÎûÎû), ÐÅÇø: Python
±ê Ìâ: Re: ÖÐÎÄ£ºpython-tutorial
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: BBS ˮľÇ廪վ (Tue Mar 27 23:33:06 2001)
µÚÆßÕ ÊäÈëÊä³ö
Óм¸ÖÖ°ì·¨¿ÉÒÔ´Ó³ÌÐòÊä³ö£»Êý¾Ý¿ÉÒÔÓÿɶÁµÄÐÎʽÏÔʾ£¬»ò±£´æµ½ÎļþÖÐÒÔ±¸ÈÕºóʹ
Óᣱ¾ÕÂÌÖÂÛһЩÊäÈëÊä³öµÄ°ì·¨¡£
7.1 Êä³ö¸ñʽ¿ØÖÆ
µ½ÏÖÔÚΪֹÎÒÃÇÒѾ¿´µ½ÁËÁ½ÖÖÊä³öÖµµÄ·½·¨£º±í´ïʽÓï¾äºÍprintÓï¾ä¡££¨µÚÈýÖÖ·½·¨
ÊÇʹÓÃÎļþ¶ÔÏóµÄwrite()·½·¨£¬±ê×¼Êä³öÎļþ¿ÉÒÔÓÃsys.stdoutÒýÓᣲμû¿â²Î¿¼ÊÖ²á
£©¡£
ÎÒÃdz£³£ÐèÒª¿ØÖÆÊä³ö¸ñʽ£¬¶ø²»½ö½öÊÇÏÔʾ¿Õ¸ñ·Ö¿ªµÄÖµ¡£ÓÐÁ½ÖÖ°ì·¨¿ØÖÆÊä³ö¸ñʽ
£ºÒ»ÖÖ°ì·¨ÊÇ×Ô¼º½øÐÐ×Ö·û´®´¦Àí£¬ÓÃ×Ö·û´®µÄƬ¶ÏºÍºÏ²¢²Ù×÷¿ÉÒÔ²úÉúÈκοÉÒÔÏëÏó
µÄ¸ñʽ¡£±ê׼ģ¿éstring°üº¬ÁËÖîÈç°Ñ×Ö·û´®Ìî³äµ½Ö¸¶¨µÄÁпíÕâÑùµÄÓÐÓòÙ×÷£¬ºóÃæ
»áÓÐÌá¼°¡£
ÁíÒ»ÖÖ°ì·¨ÊÇʹÓÃ%ÔËËã·û£¬´ËÔËËã·ûÒÔÒ»¸ö×Ö·û´®Îª×óÔËËãÔª£¬Ëü°´CµÄsprintf()º¯Êý
¸ñʽ°ÑÓÒÔËËãԪת»»Îª×Ö·û´®£¬·µ»Øת»»½á¹û¡£
¡¡ÎÊÌâÊÇ£ºÈçºÎ°Ñֵת»»Îª×Ö·û´®£¿
ÐÒÔ˵ÄÊÇ£¬PythonÓÐÒ»ÖÖ°ì·¨¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÈκÎֵת»»Îª×Ö·û´®£ºÊ¹ÓÃrepr()º¯Êý£¬»ò°Ñֵд
ÔÚÁ½¸ö·´ÏòÒýºÅ£¨``£©Ö®¼ä¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> x = 10 * 3.14
>>> y = 200*200
>>> s = 'The value of x is ' + `x` + ', and y is ' + `y` + '...'
>>> print s
The value of x is 31.4, and y is 40000...
>>> # ·´ÏòÒýºÅÒ²ÊÊÓÃÓÚ·ÇÊýÖµÐÍ
... p = [x, y]
>>> ps = repr(p)
>>> ps
'[31.4, 40000]'
>>> # ת»»×Ö·û´®¶Ô×Ö·û´®¼Ó×Ö·û´®ÒýºÅºÍ·´Ð±¸Ü
... hello = 'hello, world\n'
>>> hellos = `hello`
>>> print hellos
'hello, world\012'
>>> # ·´ÏòÒýºÅÄÚ¿ÉÒÔÊÇÒ»¸öÐò±í
... `x, y, ('spam', 'eggs')`
"(31.4, 40000, ('spam', 'eggs'))"
ÏÂÃæÊÇÁ½ÖÖд³öƽ·½¡¢Á¢·½±íµÄ·½·¨£º
>>> import string
>>> for x in range(1, 11):
... print string.rjust(`x`, 2), string.rjust(`x*x`, 3),
... # Ç°Ò»ÐеĽáβ¶ººÅ±íʾ²»»»ÐÐ
... print string.rjust(`x*x*x`, 4)
...
1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
4 16 64
5 25 125
6 36 216
7 49 343
8 64 512
9 81 729
10 100 1000
>>> for x in range(1,11):
... print'%2d %3d %4d' % (x, x*x, x*x*x)
...
1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
4 16 64
5 25 125
6 36 216
7 49 343
8 64 512
9 81 729
10 100 1000
×¢ÒâprintÊä³öµÄ¸÷ÏîÖ®¼ä¶îÍâ¼ÓÁËÒ»¸ö¿Õ¸ñ£¬ÕâÊÇprintµÄ¹æ¶¨¡£¡¡
´ËÀýÏÔʾÁ˺¯Êýstring.rjust()µÄÓ÷¨£¬´Ëº¯Êý¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÒ»¸ö×Ö·û´®·Å½øÖ¸¶¨¿í¶ÈÓÒ¶ÔÆë
£¬×ó±ßÓÿոñÌî³ä¡£ÀàËƺ¯Êý»¹ÓÐstring.ljust()ºÍstring.center()¡£ÕâЩº¯Êý²»ÏòÍâ
Êä³ö£¬Ö»ÊÇ·µ»Øת»»ºóµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£Èç¹ûÊäÈë×Ö·û´®Ì«³¤Ò²²»»á±»½Ø¶Ï¶øÊDZ»ÔÑù·µ»Ø¡£
ÕâÑùµÄ´¦Àí¿ÉÄÜ»áʹÄãµÄÁжÔÆëʧЧ£¬µ«Õâ¿ÉÄܱȽضÏÒªºÃһЩ£¬½Ø¶ÏµÄ½á¹ûÊÇÎÒÃÇ¿´
µ½Ò»¸ö´íÎóµÄÖµ¡££¨Èç¹ûÄãȷʵÐèÒª½Ø¶ÏµÄ»°×Ü¿ÉÒÔÔÙ¼ÓÒ»²ãƬ¶Ï£¬Èçstring.ljust(x
,n)[0:n]£©¡£
¡¡»¹ÓÐÒ»¸öº¯Êýstring.zfill()£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚÊýÖµ×ó±ßÌîÁã¡£´Ëº¯Êý¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí´øÓмӼõºÅµÄ
Çé¿ö£º
>>> string.zfill('12', 5)
'00012'
>>> string.zfill('-3.14', 7)
'-003.14'
>>> string.zfill('3.14159265359', 5)
'3.14159265359'
%²Ù×÷·ûµÄÓ÷¨ÈçÏÂÀý£º
>>> import math
>>> print 'The value of PI is approximately %5.3f.' % math.pi
The value of PI is approximately 3.142.
Èç¹ûÓжà¸öÖµ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÒ»¸öÐò±í¸ø³ö£¬Õâʱ¸ñʽ×Ö·û´®ÖÐÒªÓжà¸ö¸ñʽ£¬È磺
>>> table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 8637678}
>>> for name, phone in table.items():
... print'%-10s ==> %10d' % (name, phone)
...
Jack ==> 4098
Dcab ==> 8637678
Sjoerd ==> 4127
´ó¶àÊý¸ñʽÓëCÓ÷¨Ïàͬ£¬ÒªÇóÒªÊä³öµÄÖµµÄÀàÐÍ·ûºÏ¸ñʽµÄÐèÒª¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÄãûÓÐÒý
·¢ÀýÍâ´íÎóµÄ»°Ò²²»»á²úÉúÄں˶ÑÁС£PythonµÄ%s¸ñʽҪ¿íµÃ¶à£ºÈç¹ûÏàÓ¦µÄÊä³öÏî²»
ÊÇ×Ö·û´®¶ÔÏ󣬾ÍÏÈÓÃstr()ÄÚÖú¯Êý°ÑËü±ä³É×Ö·û´®¡£ÔÚ¸ñʽָ¶¨Öпí¶ÈÖ¸¶¨Îª*ºÅ±í
ʾºóÃæµÄÊä³öÏîÖжà³öÒ»¸öÖ¸¶¨¿í¶ÈµÄÕûÊý¡£C¸ñʽ%nºÍ%pδ±»Ö§³Ö¡£
Èç¹ûÄãÓÐÒ»¸ö³¤¸ñʽ´®²»Ïë°ÑËü·Ö¿ª£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚÖ¸¶¨¸ñʽµÄµØ·½Ö¸¶¨Ãû×Ö£¬ÕâÑù¾Í²»ÐèÒª
°´´ÎÐòÈ¥°Ñ¸ñʽºÍÃû×Ö¶ÔÓ¦ÆðÀ´£¬ÕâÖÖ¸ñʽΪ¡°%(±äÁ¿Ãû)¸ñʽ¡±£¬ÀýÈ磺
>>> table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 8637678}
>>> print 'Jack: %(Jack)d; Sjoerd: %(Sjoerd)d; Dcab: %(Dcab)d' % table
Jack: 4098; Sjoerd: 4127; Dcab: 8637678
ÕâÀïÊä³öÏî×ÜÊÇÒ»¸ö×ֵ䣬×ÖµäµÄ¸÷ÏîÖµÊÇÒªÊä³öµÄÖµ£¬×ÖµäµÄ¼üÖµÊǸ÷ÖµµÄÃû×Ö¡£Õâ
ÖÖÊä³ö¸ñʽ¾³£ÓëÄÚÖú¯Êývar()ÅäºÏʹÓã¬var()·µ»Ø°üº¬ËùÓоֲ¿±äÁ¿µÄ×ֵ䡣
7.2 ¶ÁдÎļþ
¡¡ open()´ò¿ªÒ»¸öÎļþ¶ÔÏ󣬾³£Ê¹ÓÃÁ½¸ö²ÎÊý£º¡°open(ÎļþÃû£¬Ä£Ê½)¡±¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> f=open('/tmp/workfile', 'w')
>>> print f
<open file '/tmp/workfile', mode 'w' at 80a0960>
µÚÒ»×Ô±äÁ¿ÊÇÒ»¸ö°üº¬ÁËÎļþÃûµÄ×Ö·û´®£¬µÚ¶þ×Ô±äÁ¿ÊÇÎļþ´ò¿ª·½Ê½µÄ×Ö·û´®¡£Ä£Ê½
¡®r ¡¯±íʾ¶ÁÈ¡£¬¡®w¡¯±íʾֻд£¨ÒÑÓеÄͬÃûÎļþ±»Çå³ý£©£¬¡®a¡¯±íʾ´ò¿ªÎļþÔÚβ
²¿Ìí¼Ó£¬ ¡®r+¡¯±íʾ´ò¿ªÎļþ¼È¿ÉÒÔ¶ÁÒ²¿ÉÒÔд¡£´ò¿ª·½Ê½²ÎÊý¿ÉÑ¡£¬È±Ê¡Îª¡®r¡¯Ä£
ʽ¡£
ÔÚWindowsºÍMacintoshÖÐÔÚģʽÖмÓÈë¡®b¡¯±íʾÒÔ¶þ½øÖƸñʽ´ò¿ªÎļþ£¬Èç¡®rb¡¯¡¢¡®
wb ¡¯¡¢¡®r+b¡¯¡£Windows¶ÔÎı¾ÎļþºÍ¶þ½øÖÆÎļþÓв»Í¬µÄ´¦Àí£¬Îı¾ÎļþÖеĻ»ÐÐ×Ö
·ûÔÚ¶ÁдʱÓб仯¡£ÕâÖÖ¶ÔÎļþÊý¾ÝµÄÄ»ºóµÄÐ޸IJ»Ó°ÏìASCIIÎı¾Îļþ£¬µ«ÊÇ»áÆÆ»µ¶þ
½øÖÆÊý¾ÝÈçJPEG »ò¡°.EXE¡±ÎļþµÄÊý¾Ý¡£¶ÁдÕâÑùµÄÎļþÒ»¶¨ÒªÊ¹Óöþ½øÖƸñʽ¡££¨M
acintoshÖÐÎı¾Ä£Ê½µÄ¾«È·ÃèÊöÒÀÀµÓÚʹÓõÄC¿â£©¡£
7.2.1 Îļþ¶ÔÏóµÄ·½·¨
¡¡±¾½ÚºóÃæµÄÀý×Ó¼ÙÉèÒѾ½¨Á¢ÁËÒ»¸öÃûΪfµÄÎļþ¶ÔÏó¡£
ΪÁ˶ÁÈ¡ÎļþÄÚÈÝ£¬µ÷ÓÃf.read(size)£¬¿ÉÒÔ¶ÁÈëÒ»¶¨×Ö½ÚÊýµÄÊý¾Ý·µ»ØΪһ¸ö×Ö·û´®
¡£size ÊÇÒ»¸ö¿ÉÑ¡ÊýÖµ²ÎÊý£¬Ê¡ÂÔsize»òsizeÈ¡¸ºÖµÊ±¶ÁÈëÕû¸öÎļþ²¢·µ»ØΪһ¸ö×Ö·û
´®£»Èç¹ûÎļþ±ÈÄãµÄ»úÆ÷ÄÚ´æ´óÒ»±¶£¬ÄÇÊÇÄãµÄÎÊÌâ¡£Ö¸¶¨ÁËÕýµÄsizeµÄʱºòÖ®¶à¶ÁÈë
²¢·µ»Øsize×Ö½Ú¡£Èç¹û¶Áµ½ÁËÎļþ⣬f.read()·µ»ØÒ»¸ö¿Õ´®£¨""£©¡£È磺
¡¡
>>> f.read()
'This is the entire file.\012'
>>> f.read()
''
¡¡
f.readline()´ÓÎļþÖжÁÈëÒ»ÐУ¬·µ»ØµÄ×Ö·û´®Öн«°üÀ¨½áβµÄÒ»¸ö»»Ðзû£¨\n£©£¬Èç
¹ûÎļþµÄ×îºóÒ»ÐÐûÓл»ÐзûÔòÓɸÃÐжÁÈëµÄ×Ö·û´®Ò²Ã»ÓнáβµÄ»»Ðзû¡£ÕâÑù£¬ÓÉre
adline() ·µ»ØµÄ½á¹û²»»áÓÐÆçÒ壬¶ÁÈë½á¹ûΪ¿Õ´®Ê±Ò»¶¨Êǵ½ÁËÎļþ⣬¶ÁÈëÒ»¸ö'\n
'ʱΪ¿ÕÐС£
>>> f.readline()
'This is the first line of the file.\012'
>>> f.readline()
'Second line of the file\012'
>>> f.readline()
''
f.readlines()·´¸´µ÷ÓÃf.readline()£¬·µ»ØÒ»¸ö°üº¬ÎļþËùÓÐÐеÄÁÐ±í¡£
>>> f.readlines()
['This is the first line of the file.\012', 'Second line of the file\012']
f.write(string)°ÑstringµÄÄÚÈÝдÈëµ½ÎļþÖУ¬·µ»ØNone¡£
¡¡
>>> f.write('This is a test\n')
¡¡
f.tell()·µ»ØÎļþ¶ÔÏóµÄµ±Ç°¶ÁдΪֹ£¬°´´ÓÎļþ¿ªÊ¼µÄ×Ö½ÚÊýË㡣ΪÁ˸ıä¶ÁдλÖÃ
£¬Ê¹Óá°f.seek(λÒÆ£¬´ÓÄÄÀï)¡±¡£¶ÁдλÖð´Ò»¸ö²Î¿¼µã¼ÓÉÏλÒÆÀ´¼ÆË㣬²Î¿¼µãÓÃ
¡°´ÓÄÇÀ²ÎÊýÖ¸¶¨£¬È¡0ʱ´ÓÎļþÍ·¿ªÊ¼Ë㣬ȡ1ʱ°´µ±Ç°Î»ÖÃË㣬ȡ2ʱ´ÓÎļþβËã¡£
ȱʡֵÊÇ0 £¬´ÓÎļþ¿ªÊ¼Ëã¡£
>>> f=open('/tmp/workfile', 'r+')
>>> f.write('0123456789abcdef')
>>> f.seek(5) # ´ÓÎļþÍ·Ç°½ø5¸ö×Ö½Ú£¬µ½´ïµÚ6¸ö×Ö·û
>>> f.read(1)
'5'
>>> f.seek(-3, 2) # תµ½½áβǰ3¸ö×Ö·û
>>> f.read(1)
'd'
ÓÃÍâÒ»¸öÎļþºóµ÷ÓÃf.close()¹Ø±ÕÎļþ£¬ÊÍ·Å´ò¿ªÎļþËùÕ¼ÓõÄϵͳ×ÊÔ´¡£Îļþ¹Ø±Õºó
ÔÙʹÓôËÎļþ¶ÔÏó¾ÍÎÞЧÁË¡£
>>> f.close()
>>> f.read()
Traceback (innermost last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
ValueError: I/O operation on closed file
Îļþ¶ÔÏó»¹ÓÐÆäËüһЩ²»Ì«³£Óõķ½·¨£¬ÀýÈçisatty()ºÍtruncate()£¬²Î¼û¿â²Î¿¼ÊÖ²á
¡£¡¡
7.2.2 pickleÄ£¿é
×Ö·û´®¿ÉÒÔºÜÈÝÒ׵شÓÎļþ¶ÁÈë»òÏòÎļþд³ö¡£¶ÁÈëÊýÖµÒªÂ鷳һЩ£¬ÒòΪread()·½·¨
×ÜÊÇ·µ»Ø×Ö·û´®£¬Òª°Ñ¶ÁÈëµÄ×Ö·û´®´«¸øÏóstring.atoi()ÕâÑùµÄº¯Êý£¬°ÑÏó¡®123¡¯Õâ
ÑùµÄ×Ö·û´®×ª»»Îª¶ÔÓ¦µÄÕûÊýÖµ123¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬µ±ÄãÏë±£´æ¸ü¸´ÔÓµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍÈçÁÐ±í¡¢×Öµä
»òÀàʵÀýʱ£¬¶Áд¾ÍÒª¸´Ôӵöࡣ
PythonµÄÉè¼Æʹ³ÌÐòÔ±¿ÉÒÔ²»±Ø·´¸´±àдµ÷ÊÔ±£´æ¸´ÔÓÊý¾ÝÀàÐ͵ĴúÂ룬ËüÌṩÁËÒ»¸ö
½Ð×öpickleµÄ±ê׼ģ¿é¡£Õâ¸öÁîÈ˾ªÒìµÄÄ£¿é¿ÉÒ԰Ѽ¸ºõÈκÎPython¶ÔÏóת»»Îª×Ö·û´®
±íʾ£¬Õâ¸ö¹ý³Ì½Ð×öëçÖÆ£¬´Ó¶ÔÏóµÄ×Ö·û´®±íʾ»Ö¸´¶ÔÏó½Ð×ö»Ö¸´¡£ÔÚëçÖƺͷ´ëçÖÆÖ®
¼ä£¬¶ÔÏóµÄ×Ö·û´®±íʾ¿ÉÒÔ±£´æÔÚÎļþ»òÊý¾ÝÖУ¬ÉõÖÁÓÚͨ¹ýÍøÂçÁ¬½Ó´«Ë͵½Ô¶³Ì¼ÆËã
»úÉÏ¡£
¡¡Èç¹ûÄãÓÐÒ»¸ö¶ÔÏóx£¬ÓÐÒ»¸ö¿ÉдµÄÎļþ¶ÔÏóf£¬×î¼òµ¥µÄëçÖƶÔÏóµÄ°ì·¨ÊÇÏÂÃæÒ»ÐÐ
´úÂ룺
pickle.dump(x, f)
ΪÁ˻ָ´¶ÔÏó£¬Èç¹û¸Õ²ÅµÄÎļþÒÑ´ò¿ªÓÃÓÚ¶ÁÈ¡£¬Îļþ¶ÔÏóÃûÈÔΪf£¬Ôò£º
x = pickle.load(f)
(ëçÖƺͻָ´»¹ÓÐÆäËüÓ÷¨£¬¿ÉÒÔëçÖƶà¸ö¶ÔÏ󣬿ÉÒÔ²»°ÑÊý¾ÝдÈëÎļþ£¬Ïê¼û¿â²Î¿¼ÊÖ
²á)¡£
pickleÊDZ£´æPython¶ÔÏó²¢±»ÆäËü³ÌÐò»òͬһ³ÌÐòÒÔºóÔÙÔËÐÐʱµ÷Óõıê×¼°ì·¨£¬ÕâÖÖ
×ö·¨µÄרÓÃÊõÓï½Ð×ö¡°³Ö¾Ã¶ÔÏ󡱡£ÒòΪpickleʹÓù㷺£¬Ðí¶àPythonÀ©Õ¹Ä£¿éµÄ×÷Õß
¶¼ÁôÒâʹÐÂÔö¼ÓµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍÈç¾ØÕó¿ÉÒÔÕýÈ·µØëçÖƺͻָ´¡£
·¢ÐÅÈË: mikky (ЦÎûÎû), ÐÅÇø: Python
±ê Ìâ: Re: ÖÐÎÄ£ºpython-tutorial
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: BBS ˮľÇ廪վ (Tue Mar 27 23:33:25 2001)
µÚ°ËÕ ´íÎóÓëÀýÍâ
µ½ÏÖÔÚΪֹÎÒÃÇÖ»ÊÇÌáµ½ÁË´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¶øûÓÐÏêϸÌÖÂÛ£¬Èç¹ûÄãÔËÐÐÁËÇ°ÃæµÄÀý×Ó¿ÉÄÜÒÑ
¾¿´µ½ÁËһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£ÖÁÉÙÓÐÁ½ÖÖ²»Í¬´íÎ󣺾䷨´íºÍÀýÍâ´í£¨exceptions£©¡£
8.1 ¾ä·¨´í
¡¡¾ä·¨´íÒ²³ÆΪÓï·¨·ÖÎö´í£¬ÊÇÄãÔÚѧϰPythonµÄʱºò×î¿ÉÄÜ·¸µÄ´íÎó¡£
>>> while 1 print 'Hello world'
File "<stdin>", line 1
while 1 print 'Hello world'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Óï·¨·ÖÎöÆ÷Öظ´³ö´íÐУ¬²¢ÓÃÒ»¸öС¡®¼ýÍ·¡¯Ö¸ÏòÐÐÄÚ×îÔç·¢ÏÖ´íÎóµÄλÖᣴíÎóÊÇÓÉ
¼ýÍ·Ç°ÃæµÄ¼ÇºÅÒýÆðµÄ£¨ÖÁÉÙÊÇÔÚÕâÀï¼ì²âµ½µÄ£©¡£ÔÚ±¾ÀýÖУ¬´íÎóÔڹؼü×Öprint´¦¼ì
²âµ½£¬ÒòΪËüÇ°ÃæÓ¦¸ÃÓÐÒ»¸öðºÅ£¨¡°:¡±£©¡£´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÖÐÏÔʾÁËÎļþÃûºÍÐкÅÕâÑùÈç¹û
´íÎó·¢ÉúÔÚÒ»¸ö½Å±¾ÎļþÖÐÄã¾ÍÖªµÀµ½ÄÄÀïÈ¥ÕÒ¡£
8.2 ÀýÍâ
¼´Ê¹Óï¾ä»ò±í´ïʽ¾ä·¨Ã»ÓÐÎÊÌ⣬ÔÚÊÔͼÔËÐеÄʱºòÒ²¿ÉÄÜ·¢Éú´íÎó¡£ÔËÐÐʱ¼ì²âµ½µÄ
´íÎó½Ð×öÀýÍ⣬ÕâÖÖ´íÎó²»Ò»¶¨±ØÈ»ÊÇÖÂÃüµÄ£ºÄãºÜ¿ì¾Í»áѧµ½ÈçºÎÔÚPython³ÌÐòÖд¦
ÀíÀýÍ⡣Ȼ¶ø£¬¶àÊýÀýÍâ²»Äܱ»³ÌÐò´¦Àí£¬ÕâÊÇ»á²úÉú´íÎóÐÅÏ¢£¬È磺
>>> 10 * (1/0)
Traceback (innermost last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo
>>> 4 + spam*3
Traceback (innermost last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
NameError: spam
>>> '2' + 2
Traceback (innermost last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
TypeError: illegal argument type for built-in operation
´íÎóÐÅÏ¢µÄ×îºóÒ»ÐÐÏÔʾ·¢ÉúµÄÇé¿ö¡£ÀýÍâÓв»Í¬µÄÀàÐÍ£¬ÀàÐÍ×÷Ϊ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢µÄÒ»²¿·Ö
ÏÔʾ£ºÉÏÀýÖдíÎóµÄÀàÐÍÓÐZeroDivisionError¡¢NameErrorºÍTypeError¡£×÷ΪÀýÍâÀàÐÍ
ÏÔʾµÄ×Ö·û´®ÊÇ·¢ÉúµÄÀýÍâµÄÄÚÖÃÃû¡£Õâ¶ÔÓÚËùÓÐÄÚÖÃÀýÍâ³ÉÁ¢£¬µ«¶ÔÓû§×Ô¶¨ÒåÀýÍâ
²»Ò»¶¨³ÉÁ¢£¨Óû§×îºÃÄÜ×ñÊØÕâÑùµÄÔ¼¶¨£©¡£±ê×¼ÀýÍâÃûÊÇÄÚÖõıêʶ·û£¨²»ÊDZ£Áô¹Ø
¼ü×Ö£©¡£
´ËÐеÄÆäÓಿ·ÖÊÇ´íÎóµÄϸ½Ú£¬Æä½âÊÍÒÀÀµÓÚÀýÍâÀàÐÍ¡£´íÎóÐÅϢǰÃæµÄ²¿·ÖÒÔ¶ÑÕ»·´
¸ú×ÙµÄÐÎʽÏÔʾÁË·¢Éú´íÎóµÄÉÏÏÂÎÄ»·¾³¡£Ò»°ãÕâ°üº¬ÁËÁгöÔ´´úÂëÐеÄÒ»¸öÁгöÔ´³Ì
ÐòÐеĶÑÕ»·´¸ú×Ù£»È»¶ø£¬Ëü²»»áÏÔʾ´Ó±ê×¼ÊäÈë¶Á½øµÄÐС£
¡¡¿â²Î¿¼ÊÖ²áÁгöÁËÄÚÖÃÀýÍâºÍÆ京Òå¡£¡¡
8.3 ÀýÍâ´¦Àí
¡¡¿ÉÒÔ±à³ÌÐòÀ´´¦ÀíÑ¡¶¨µÄÀýÍâ¡£Çë¿´ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×Ó£¬ÏÔʾһЩ¸¡µãÊýµÄµ¹Êý£º
>>> numbers = [0.3333, 2.5, 0, 10]
>>> for x in numbers:
... print x,
... try:
... print 1.0 / x
... except ZeroDivisionError:
... print '*** has no inverse ***'
...
0.3333 3.00030003
2.5 0.4
0 *** has no inverse ***
10 0.1
tryÓï¾äÊÇÕâÑù¹¤×÷µÄ£º
Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÔËÐÐtry×Ӿ䣨ÔÚtryºÍexceptÖ®¼äµÄÓï¾ä£©¡£
Èç¹ûûÓз¢ÉúÀýÍ⣬Ìø¹ýexcept×Ӿ䣬tryÓï¾äÔËÐÐÍê±Ï¡£
Èç¹ûÔÚtry×Ó¾äÖз¢ÉúÁËÀýÍâ´íÎó¶øÇÒÀýÍâ´íÎóÆ¥ÅäexceptºóÖ¸¶¨µÄÀýÍâÃû£¬ÔòÌø¹ýtry
×Ó¾äʣϵIJ¿·Ö£¬Ö´ÐÐexcept×Ӿ䣬Ȼºó¼ÌÐøÖ´ÐÐtryÓï¾äºóÃæµÄ³ÌÐò¡£
Èç¹ûÔÚtry×Ó¾äÖз¢ÉúÁËÀýÍâ´íÎóµ«ÊÇÀýÍâ´íÎó²»Æ¥ÅäexceptºóÖ¸¶¨µÄÀýÍâÃû£¬Ôò´ËÀýÍâ
±»´«¸øÍâ²ãµÄtryÓï¾ä¡£Èç¹ûûÓÐÕÒµ½Æ¥ÅäµÄ´¦Àí³ÌÐòÔò´ËÀýÍâ³Æ×÷ÊÇδ´¦ÀíÀýÍ⣬³ÌÐò
Í£Ö¹ÔËÐУ¬ÏÔʾ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£
tryÓï¾ä¿ÉÒÔÓжà¸öexcept×Ӿ䣬Ϊ²»Í¬µÄÀýÍâÖ¸¶¨²»Í¬´¦Àí¡£ÖÁ¶àÖ»Ö´ÐÐÒ»¸ö´íÎó´¦Àí
³ÌÐò¡£´íÎó´¦Àí³ÌÐòÖ»´¦ÀíÏàÓ¦µÄtry×Ó¾äÖз¢ÉúµÄÀýÍ⣬Èç¹ûͬtryÓï¾äÖÐÆäËüµÄ´íÎó
´¦Àí³ÌÐòÖз¢ÉúÀýÍâ´íÎó´¦Àí³ÌÐò²»»á·´Ó¦¡£Ò»¸öexcept×Ó¾ä¿ÉÒÔÁгö¶à¸öÀýÍ⣬дÔÚ
À¨ºÅÀïÓöººÅ·Ö¿ª£¬ÀýÈ磺
... except (RuntimeError, TypeError, NameError):
... pass
×îºóÒ»¸öexcept×Ó¾ä¿ÉÒÔÊ¡ÂÔÀýÍâÃû£¬×÷Ϊһ¸öͨÅäÏî¡£ÕâÖÖ·½·¨Òª½÷É÷ʹÓã¬ÒòΪÕâ
¿ÉÄܻᵼÖ³ÌÐòʵ¼ÊÒѳö´íÈ´·¢ÏÖ²»ÁË¡£
try ... exceptÓï¾äÓÐÒ»¸ö¿ÉÑ¡µÄelse×Ӿ䣬ÈçÓеĻ°Òª·ÅÔÚËùÓÐexcept×Ó¾äÖ®ºó¡£el
se µÄÒâ˼ÊÇûÓз¢ÉúÀýÍ⣬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ°Ñtry×Ó¾äÖÐûÓз¢ÉúÀýÍâʱҪ×öµÄÊÂÇé·ÅÔÚÕâ¸ö
×Ó¾äÀï¡£ÀýÈ磺
for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
try:
f = open(arg, 'r')
except IOError:
print '²»ÄÜ´ò¿ª', arg
else:
print arg, 'ÓÐ', len(f.readlines()), 'ÐÐ'
f.close()
ÀýÍâ·¢Éúʱ¿ÉÄÜ°éÓÐÒ»¸öÖµ£¬½Ð×öÀýÍâµÄ²ÎÊý¡£²ÎÊýÊÇ·ñ´æÔÚ¼°ÆäÀàÐÍÒÀÀµÓÚÀýÍâµÄÀà
ÐÍ¡£¶ÔÓÚÓвÎÊýµÄÀýÍ⣬exceptÔÚ×Ô¾Ó¿ÉÒÔÔÚÀýÍâÃû£¨»ò±í£©ºóÖ¸¶¨Ò»¸ö±äÁ¿ÓÃÀ´½ÓÊÜ
ÀýÍâµÄ²ÎÊýÖµ£¬È磺
>>> try:
... spam()
... except NameError, x:
... print 'name', x, 'undefined'
...
name spam undefined
ÓвÎÊýµÄÀýÍâδ´¦Àíʱ»áÔÚ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢µÄ×îºóϸ½Ú²¿·ÖÁгöÆä²ÎÊýÖµ¡£¡¡
ÀýÍâ´¦Àí³ÌÐò²»½ö´¦ÀíÖ±½Ó²úÉúÓÚtry×Ó¾äÖеÄÀýÍ⣬Ҳ¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àítry×Ó¾äÖе÷Óõĺ¯Êý
£¨ÉõÖÁÊǼä½Óµ÷Óõĺ¯Êý£©ÖеÄÀýÍâ¡£È磺
>>> def this_fails():
... x = 1/0
...
>>> try:
... this_fails()
... except ZeroDivisionError, detail:
... print 'Handling run-time error:', detail
...
Handling run-time error: integer division or modulo
8.4 ²úÉúÀýÍâ
raiseÓï¾äÔÊÐí³ÌÐòԱǿÐвúÉúÖ¸¶¨µÄÀýÍâ¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> raise NameError, 'HiThere'
Traceback (innermost last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
NameError: HiThere
raiseÓï¾äµÄµÚÒ»¸ö²ÎÊýÖ¸¶¨Òª²úÉúµÄÀýÍâµÄÃû×Ö¡£¿ÉÑ¡µÄµÚ¶þ²ÎÊýÖ¸¶¨ÀýÍâµÄ²ÎÊý¡£¡¡
8.5 Óû§×Ô¶¨ÒåÀýÍâ
³ÌÐòÖпÉÒÔ¶¨Òå×Ô¼ºµÄÀýÍ⣬ֻҪ°ÑÒ»¸ö×Ö·û´®¸³¸øÒ»¸ö±äÁ¿¼´¿É¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> my_exc = 'my_exc'
>>> try:
... raise my_exc, 2*2
... except my_exc, val:
... print 'My exception occurred, value:', val
...
My exception occurred, value: 4
>>> raise my_exc, 1
Traceback (innermost last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
my_exc: 1
Ðí¶à±ê׼ģ¿éÓÃÕâÖÖ·½·¨±¨¸æ×Ô¼º¶¨ÒåµÄº¯ÊýÖз¢ÉúµÄ´íÎ󡣡¡
8.6 ¶¨ÒåÇåÀí¶¯×÷
¡¡ tryÓï¾ä»¹ÓÐÁíÒ»¸öfinally¿ÉÑ¡×Ӿ䣬¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´¹æ¶¨²»ÂÛ³ö´íÓë·ñ¶¼ÒªÖ´ÐеĶ¯×÷¡£
ÀýÈ磺
>>> try:
... raise KeyboardInterrupt
... finally:
... print 'Goodbye, world!'
...
Goodbye, world!
Traceback (innermost last):
File "<stdin>", line 2
KeyboardInterrupt
finally×Ӿ䲻ÂÛtry×Ó¾äÖÐÊÇ·ñ·¢ÉúÀýÍⶼ»áÖ´ÐС£ÀýÍâ·¢Éúʱ£¬ÏÈÖ´ÐÐfinally×Ó¾äÈ»
ºóÖØÐÂÌá³ö¸ÃÀýÍâ¡£µ±tryÓï¾äÓÃbreak»òreturnÓï¾äÍ˳öʱҲ½«Ö´ÐÐfinally×Ӿ䡣
ҪעÒâµÄÊÇ£¬tryÓï¾äÓÐÁËexcept×Ó¾ä¾Í²»ÄÜÓÐfinally×Ӿ䣬ÓÐÁËfinally×Ó¾ä¾Í²»ÄÜÓÐ
except ×Ӿ䣬²»ÄÜͬʱʹÓÃexcept×Ó¾äºÍfinally×Ӿ䡣ÐèÒªµÄ»°¿ÉÒÔǶÌס£
--
¡ù À´Ô´:¡¤BBS ˮľÇ廪վ smth.org¡¤[FROM: 202.112.255.153]
|
By: wangxu ( ÍõÐñ ) À´×ÔBBS ˮľÇ廪վ [ reply ] 2003-04-28 11:28
|
±ê Ìâ: Re: ÖÐÎÄ£ºpython-tutorial
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: BBS ˮľÇ廪վ (Tue Mar 27 23:33:52 2001)
µÚ¾ÅÕ Àà
PythonÊÇÒ»¸öÕæÕýÃæÏò¶ÔÏóµÄÓïÑÔ£¬ËüÖ»Ôö¼ÓÁ˺ÜÉÙµÄÐÂÓï·¨¾ÍʵÏÖÁËÀà¡£ËüµÄÀà»úÖÆ
ÊÇC++ ºÍModula-3µÄÀà»úÖƵĻìºÏ¡£PythonµÄÀಢ²»ÑϸñÏÞÖÆÓû§¶Ô¶¨ÒåµÄÐ޸ģ¬ËüÒÀ
ÀµÓÚÓû§×Ô¾õ²»È¥Ð޸Ķ¨Ò塣Ȼ¶øPython¶ÔÀà×îÖØÒªµÄ¹¦Äܶ¼±£³ÖÁËÍêÈ«µÄÍþÁ¦¡£Àà¼Ì
³Ð»úÖÆÔÊÐí¶à¸ö»ùÀàµÄ¼Ì³Ð£¬µ¼³öÀà¿ÉÒÔÖØÔØ»ùÀàµÄÈκη½·¨£¬·½·¨¿ÉÒÔµ÷ÓûùÀàµÄͬ
Ãû·½·¨¡£¶ÔÏó¿ÉÒÔ°üº¬ÈÎÒâ¶àµÄ˽ÓÐÊý¾Ý¡£
ÓÃC++ÊõÓï˵£¬ËùÓÐÀà³ÉÔ±£¨°üÀ¨Êý¾Ý³ÉÔ±£©Êǹ«Óõģ¬ËùÓгÉÔ±º¯ÊýÊÇÐéÄâ(virtual)
µÄ¡£Ã»ÓÐÌرðµÄ¹¹½¨º¯Êý»òÏú»Ùº¯Êý(destructor)¡£ÈçͬÔÚModula-3ÖÐÒ»Ñù£¬´Ó¶ÔÏóµÄ
·½·¨ÖÐÒªÒýÓöÔÏó³ÉԱûÓмò½ÝµÄ°ì·¨£º·½·¨º¯ÊýµÄ±ØÐëÒÔ¶ÔÏó×÷ΪµÚÒ»¸ö²ÎÊý£¬¶øÔÚ
µ÷ÓÃʱÔò×Ô¶¯Ìṩ¡£ÏóÔÚSmalltalkÖÐÒ»Ñù£¬Àà±¾ÉíÒ²ÊǶÔÏó£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏÕâÀï¶ÔÏóµÄº¬Òå±È
½Ï¿í£ºÔÚPython ÖÐËùÓеÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͶ¼ÊǶÔÏó¡£ÏóÔÚC++»òModula-3ÖÐÒ»Ñù£¬ÄÚÖÃÀàÐͲ»
ÄÜ×÷Ϊ»ùÀàÓÉÓû§½øÐÐÀ©Õ¹¡£²¢ÇÒ£¬ÏóC++µ«²»ÏóModula-3£¬¶àÊýÓÐÌØÊâÓï·¨µÄÄÚÖú¯Êý
£¨ÈçËãÊõËã·û¡¢Ï±êµÈ£©¿ÉÒÔ×÷ΪÀà³ÉÔ±Öض¨Òå¡£
9.1 ¹ØÓÚÊõÓï
PythonµÄ¶ÔÏó¸ÅÄî±È½Ï¹ã·º£¬¶ÔÏó²»Ò»¶¨·ÇµÃÊÇÀàµÄʵÀý£¬ÒòΪÈçͬC++ºÍModula-3¶ø²»
ͬÓÚSmalltalk£¬PythonµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͲ»¶¼ÊÇÀ࣬±ÈÈç»ù±¾ÄÚÖÃÀàÐÍÕûÊý¡¢ÁбíµÈ²»ÊÇÀ࣬
ÉõÖÁ½Ï¹Å¹ÖµÄÀàÐÍÈçÎļþÒ²²»ÊÇÀࡣȻ¶ø£¬PythonËùÓеÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͶ¼»ò¶à»òÉٵشøÓÐÒ»
ЩÀàËƶÔÏóµÄÓï·¨¡£
¶ÔÏóÊÇÓе¥¶ÀÉí·ÝµÄ£¬Í¬Ò»¶ÔÏó¿ÉÒÔÓжà¸öÃû×ÖÓëÆäÁªÏµ£¬ÕâÔÚÆäËûÓïÑÔÖнÐ×ö±ðÃû¡£
ÕâÑù×öµÄºÃ´¦Õ§Ò»¿´²¢²»Ã÷ÏÔ£¬¶øÇÒ¶ÔÓڷǿɱäÀàÐÍ(Êý×Ö¡¢×Ö·û´®¡¢Ðò±í(tuple))µÈû
ÓÐʲô²î±ð¡£µ«ÊDZðÃû¾ä·¨¶ÔÓÚ°üº¬¿É±ä¶ÔÏóÈçÁÐ±í¡¢×ֵ估Éæ¼°³ÌÐòÍⲿÎï¼þÈçÎļþ
¡¢´°¿ÚµÄ³ÌÐòÓÐÓ°Ï죬Õâ¿ÉÒÔÓÐÀûÓÚ³ÌÐò±àÖÆ£¬ÒòΪ±ðÃûÓÐЩÀàËÆÖ¸Õ룺±ÈÈ磬´«µÝÒ»
¸ö¶ÔÏó±äµÃÈÝÒ×£¬ÒòΪÕâÖ»ÊÇ´«µÝÁËÒ»¸öÖ¸Õ룻Èç¹ûÒ»¸öº¯ÊýÐÞ¸ÄÁË×÷Ϊ²ÎÊý´«µÝÀ´µÄ
¶ÔÏó£¬Ð޸Ľá¹û¿ÉÒÔ´«µÝ»Øµ÷Óô¦¡£ÕâÑù¾Í²»±ØÏóPascalÄÇÑùʹÓÃÁ½ÖÖ²ÎÊý´«µÝ»úÖÆ¡£
9.2 Python×÷ÓÃÓòÓëÃû×Ö¿Õ¼ä
ÔÚÒýÈëÀà֮ǰ£¬ÎÒÃDZØÐë½²Ò»½²PythonµÄ×÷ÓÃÓò¹æÔò¡£ÀඨÒåºÜºÃµØÀûÓÃÁËÃû×ֿռ䣬
ÐèÒªÁ˽âPythonÈçºÎ´¦Àí×÷ÓÃÓòºÍÃû×Ö¿Õ¼ä²ÅÄܳä·ÖÀí½âÀàµÄʹÓá£ÁíÍ⣬×÷ÓÃÓò¹æÔò
Ò²ÊÇÒ»¸ö¸ß¼¶Python³ÌÐòÔ±±ØÐëÕÆÎÕµÄ֪ʶ¡£
¡¡Ïȸø³öһЩ¶¨Òå¡£
Ãû×Ö¿Õ¼äÊÇ´ÓÃû×Öµ½¶ÔÏóµÄÓ³Éä¡£¶àÊýÃû×Ö¿Õ¼äÄ¿Ç°ÊÇÓÃPython×ÖµäÀàÐÍʵÏֵģ¬²»¹ý
ÕâÒ»µãÒ»°ãÊÇ×¢Òâ²»µ½µÄ£¬¶øÇÒ½«À´¿ÉÄÜ»á¸Ä±ä¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÃû×Ö¿Õ¼äµÄһЩʵÀý£ºPython
ÖÐÄÚÖõÄÃû×Ö£¨Èçabs£¨£©µÈº¯Êý£¬ÒÔ¼°ÄÚÖõÄÀýÍâÃû£©£»Ä£¿éÖеÄÈ«¾ÖÃû£»º¯Êýµ÷ÓÃÖÐ
µÄ¾Ö²¿±äÁ¿Ãû¡£ÔÚijÖÖÒâÒåÉÏÒ»¸ö¶ÔÏóµÄËùÓÐÊôÐÔÒ²¹¹³ÉÁËÒ»¸öÃû×ֿռ䡣¹ØÓÚÃû×Ö¿Õ
¼ä×îÖØÒªµÄÊÂÒªÖªµÀ²»Í¬Ãû×Ö¿Õ¼äµÄÃû×ÖûÓÐÈκÎÁªÏµ£»ÀýÈ磬Á½¸ö²»Í¬Ä£¿é¿ÉÄܶ¼¶¨
ÒåÁËÒ»¸ö½Ð¡°maximize ¡±µÄº¯Êý¶ø²»»áÒýÆð»ìÂÒ£¬ÒòΪģ¿éµÄÓû§±ØÐëÔÚº¯ÊýÃû֮ǰ¼Ó
ÉÏÄ£¿éÃû×÷ΪÐÞÊΡ£
ÁíÍ⣬ÔÚPythonÖпÉÒÔ°ÑÈκÎÒ»¸öÔÚ¾äµãÖ®ºóµÄÃû×Ö³ÆΪÊôÐÔ£¬ÀýÈ磬ÔÚ±í´ïʽz.real
ÖУ¬realÊÇÒ»¸ö¶ÔÏózµÄÊôÐÔ¡£ÑϸñµØ˵£¬¶ÔÄ£¿éÖеÄÃû×ÖµÄÒýÓÃÊÇÊôÐÔÒýÓãºÔÚ±í´ïʽ
modname.funcname ÖУ¬modnameÊÇÒ»¸öÄ£¿é¶ÔÏó£¬funcnameÊÇËüµÄÒ»¸öÊôÐÔ¡£ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé
¿öÏÂÔÚÄ£¿éÊôÐÔÓëÄ£¿é¶¨ÒåµÄÈ«¾ÖÃû×ÖÖ®¼ä´æÔÚÒ»¸öÖ±½ÓµÄÓ³É䣺ËüÃÇʹÓÃÏàͬµÄÃû×Ö
¿Õ¼ä£¡
ÊôÐÔ¿ÉÒÔÊÇÖ»¶ÁµÄÒ²¿ÉÒÔÊÇ¿ÉдµÄ¡£ÔÚÊôÐÔ¿ÉдµÄʱºò£¬¿ÉÒÔ¶ÔÊôÐÔ¸³Öµ¡£Ä£¿éÊôÐÔÊÇ
¿ÉдµÄ£ºÄã¿ÉÒÔд¡°modname.the_answer = 42¡±¡£¿ÉдÊôÐÔÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÃdelÓï¾äÉÁ³ö£¬Èç
¡°del modname.the_answer¡±¡£
Ãû×Ö¿Õ¼äÓ벻ͬʱ¿Ì´´½¨£¬Óв»Í¬µÄÉú´æÖÜÆÚ¡£°üº¬PythonÄÚÖÃÃû×ÖµÄÃû×ֿռ䵱Pyth
on ½âÊͳÌÐò¿ªÊ¼Ê±±»´´½¨£¬¶øÇÒ²»»á±»É¾³ý¡£Ä£¿éµÄÈ«¾ÖÃû×ֿռ䵱ģ¿é¶¨Òå±»¶ÁÈëʱ
´´½¨£¬Ò»°ãÇé¿öÏÂÄ£¿éÃû×Ö¿Õ¼äÒ²Ò»Ö±´æÔÚµ½½âÊͳÌÐòÍ˳ö¡£ÓɽâÊͳÌÐòµÄ×²ãµ÷ÓÃ
Ö´ÐеÄÓï¾ä£¬²»ÂÛÊÇ´ÓÒ»¸ö½Å±¾Îļþ¶ÁÈëµÄ»¹Êǽ»»¥ÊäÈëµÄ£¬¶¼ÊôÓÚÒ»¸ö½Ð×ö__main__
µÄÄ£¿é£¬ËùÒÔÒ²´æÔÚÓÚ×Ô¼ºµÄÈ«¾ÖÃû×Ö¿Õ¼äÖ®ÖС££¨ÄÚÖÃÃû×Öʵ¼ÊÉÏÒ²´æÔÚÓÚÒ»¸öÄ£¿é
ÖУ¬Õâ¸öÄ£¿é½Ð×ö__builtin__ £©¡£
º¯ÊýµÄ¾Ö²¿Ãû×ֿռ䵱º¯Êý±»µ÷ÓÃʱ´´½¨£¬µ±º¯Êý·µ»Ø»òÕß²úÉúÁËÒ»¸ö²»ÄÜÔÚº¯ÊýÄÚ²¿
´¦ÀíµÄÀýÍâʱ±»É¾³ý¡££¨Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËµÊÇÍü¼ÇÁËÕâ¸öÃû×Ö¿Õ¼ä¸ü·ûºÏʵ¼Ê·¢ÉúµÄÇé¿ö¡££©
µ±È»£¬µÝ¹éµ÷ÓÃÔÚÿ´ÎµÝ¹éÖÐÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄ¾Ö²¿Ãû×ֿռ䡣
Ò»¸ö×÷ÓÃÓòÊÇPython³ÌÐòÖеÄÒ»¸öÎı¾ÇøÓò£¬ÆäÖÐij¸öÃû×Ö¿Õ¼ä¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó·ÃÎÊ¡£¡°Ö±½Ó
·ÃÎÊ¡± ÕâÀïÖ¸µÄÊÇʹÓò»¼ÓÐÞÊεÄÃû×Ö¾ÍÖ±½ÓÕÒµ½Ãû×Ö¿Õ¼äÖеĶÔÏó¡£
ËäÈ»×÷ÓÃÓòÊǾ²Ì¬¶¨ÒåµÄ£¬ÔÚʹÓÃʱ×÷ÓÃÓòÊǶ¯Ì¬µÄ¡£ÔÚÈκÎÔËÐÐʱ¿Ì£¬×ÜÊÇÇ¡ºÃÓÐÈý
¸ö×÷ÓÃÓòÔÚʹÓÃÖУ¨¼´Ç¡ºÃÓÐÈý¸öÃû×Ö¿Õ¼äÊÇÖ±½Ó¿É·ÃÎʵģ©£º×îÄÚ²ãµÄ×÷ÓÃÓò£¬×îÏÈ
±»ËÑË÷£¬°üº¬¾Ö²¿Ãû×Ö£»ÖвãµÄ×÷ÓÃÓò£¬Æä´Î±»ËÑË÷£¬°üº¬µ±Ç°Ä£¿éµÄÈ«¾ÖÃû×Ö£»×îÍâ
²ãµÄ×÷ÓÃÓò×îºó±»ËÑË÷£¬°üº¬ÄÚÖÃÃû×Ö¡£
Ò»°ãÇé¿öÏ£¬¾Ö²¿×÷ÓÃÓòÒýÓõ±Ç°º¯ÊýµÄ¾Ö²¿Ãû×Ö£¬ÆäÖоֲ¿ÊÇÔ´³ÌÐòÎı¾ÒâÒåÉÏÀ´¿´
µÄ¡£ÔÚº¯ÊýÍⲿ£¬¾Ö²¿×÷ÓÃÓòÓëÈ«¾Ö×÷ÓÃÓòʹÓÃÏàͬµÄÃû×ֿռ䣺ģ¿éµÄÃû×ֿռ䡣Àà
¶¨ÒåÔÚ¾Ö²¿×÷ÓÃÓòÖÐÓÖÔö¼ÓÁËÁíÒ»¸öÃû×ֿռ䡣
Ò»¶¨Òª×¢Òâ×÷ÓÃÓòÊÇ°´ÕÕÔ´³ÌÐòÖеÄÎı¾Î»ÖÃÈ·¶¨µÄ£ºÄ£¿éÖж¨ÒåµÄº¯ÊýµÄÈ«¾Ö×÷ÓÃÓò
ÊÇÄ£¿éµÄÃû×ֿռ䣬²»¹ÜÕâ¸öº¯ÊýÊÇ´ÓÄÄÀïµ÷ÓûòÕßÒÔʲôÃû×Öµ÷Óõġ£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬¶Ô
Ãû×ÖµÄËÑË÷È´ÊÇÔÚ³ÌÐòÔËÐÐÖж¯Ì¬½øÐеģ¬²»¹ý£¬PythonÓïÑԵĶ¨ÒåÒ²ÔÚÑݱ䣬½«À´¿É
ÄÜ·¢Õ¹µ½¾²Ì¬Ãû×Ö½âÎö£¬ÔÚ¡°±àÒ롱ʱ£¬ËùÒÔ²»ÒªÒÀÀµÓÚ¶¯Ì¬Ãû×Ö½âÎö£¡£¨Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬¾Ö
²¿Ãû×ÖÒѾÊǾ²Ì¬È·¶¨µÄÁË£©¡£
PythonµÄÒ»¸öÌرðÖ®´¦ÊǸ³Öµ×ÜÊǽøÈë×îÄÚ²ã×÷ÓÃÓò¡£¹ØÓÚɾ³ýÒ²ÊÇÕâÑù£º¡°del x¡±´Ó
¾Ö²¿×÷ÓÃÓò¶ÔÓ¦µÄÃû×Ö¿Õ¼äÖÐɾ³ýxµÄÃû×ְ󶨣¨×¢ÒâÔÚPythonÖпÉÒÔ¶à¸öÃû×Ö¶ÔÓ¦Ò»¸ö
¶ÔÏó£¬ËùÒÔɾ³ýÒ»¸öÃû×ÖÖ»ÊÇɾ³ýÁËÕâ¸öÃû×ÖÓëÆä¶ÔÏó¼äµÄÁªÏµ¶ø²»Ò»¶¨É¾³ýÕâ¸ö¶ÔÏó
¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËùÓÐÒýÈëÐÂÃû×ֵIJÙ×÷¶¼Ê¹Óþֲ¿×÷ÓÃÓò£ºÌرðµÄ£¬importÓï¾äºÍº¯Êý¶¨Òå
°ÑÄ£¿éÃû»òº¯ÊýÃû°ó¶¨Èë¾Ö²¿×÷ÓÃÓò¡££¨¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃglobalÓï¾äÖ¸Ã÷ijЩ±äÁ¿ÊÇÊôÓÚÈ«¾Ö
Ãû×Ö¿Õ¼äµÄ£©¡£
9.3 ³õʶÀà
¡¡ÀàÒýÈëÁËһЩÐÂÓï·¨£¬ÈýÖÖжÔÏóÀàÐÍ£¬ÒÔ¼°Ò»Ð©ÐµÄÓïÒå¡£
9.3.1 ÀඨÒåÓï·¨
¡¡ÀඨÒåµÄ×î¼òµ¥ÐÎʽÈçÏ£º
class ˈ̞:
<Óï¾ä-1>
.
.
.
<Óï¾ä-N>
Èçͬº¯Êý¶¨Ò壨defÓï¾ä£©Ò»Ñù£¬ÀඨÒå±ØÐëÏÈÖ´ÐвÅÄÜÉúЧ¡££¨ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÀඨÒå·ÅÔÚ
if Óï¾äµÄÒ»¸ö·ÖÖ§Öлòº¯ÊýÖУ©¡£ÔÚʵ¼ÊʹÓÃʱ£¬ÀඨÒåÖеÄÓï¾äͨ³£ÊǺ¯Êý¶¨Ò壬Æä
ËüÓï¾äÒ²ÊÇÔÊÐíµÄ£¬ÓÐʱÊÇÓÐÓõĨD¨DÎÒÃǺóÃæ»áÔÙÌáµ½ÕâÒ»µã¡£ÀàÄڵĺ¯Êý¶¨Òåͨ³£
¾ßÓÐÒ»ÖÖÌرðÐÎʽµÄ×Ô±äÁ¿±í£¬×¨ÓÃÓÚ·½·¨µÄµ÷ÓÃÔ¼¶¨¨D¨DÕâÒ»µãÒ²»áÔÚºóÃæÏêϸÌÖÂÛ
¡£
½øÈëÀඨÒåºó£¬²úÉúÁËÒ»¸öеÄÃû×ֿռ䣬±»ÓÃ×÷¾Ö²¿×÷ÓÃÓò¨D¨DÓÚÊÇ£¬ËùÓжԾֲ¿±ä
Á¿µÄ¸³Öµ½øÈëÕâ¸öÐÂÃû×ֿռ䡣ÌرðµØ£¬º¯Êý¶¨Òå°Ñº¯ÊýÃûÓëк¯Êý°ó¶¨ÔÚÕâ¸öÃû×Ö¿Õ
¼ä¡£
µ±º¯Êý¶¨ÒåÕý³£½áÊø£¨´Ó½áβÍ˳ö£©Ê±£¬¾ÍÉú³ÉÁËÒ»¸öÀà¶ÔÏó¡£Õâ»ù±¾ÉÏÊǽ«ÀඨÒåÉú
³ÉµÄÃû×Ö¿Õ¼ä°ü¹ü¶ø³ÉµÄÒ»¸ö¶ÔÏó£»ÎÒÃÇÔÚÏÂÒ»½Ú»áѧµ½Àà¶ÔÏóµÄ¸ü¶à֪ʶ¡£ÔʼµÄ¾Ö
²¿×÷ÓÃÓò£¨ÔÚ½øÈëÀඨÒå֮ǰÆð×÷ÓõÄÄǸö£©±»»Ö¸´£¬Àà¶ÔÏóÔÚÕâÀï±»°ó¶¨µ½ÁËÀà¶ÔÏó
¶¨ÒåÍ·²¿ËùÖ¸¶¨µÄÃû×Ö¡£
9.3.2 Àà¶ÔÏó
Àà¶ÔÏóÖ§³ÖÁ½ÖÖ²Ù×÷£ºÊôÐÔÒýÓúÍʵÀý»¯¡£ÊôÐÔÒýÓõĸñʽºÍPythonÖÐÆäËüµÄÊôÐÔÒýÓÃ
¸ñʽÏàͬ£¬¼´obj.name¡£ÓÐЧµÄÊôÐÔÃû°üÀ¨Éú³ÉÀà¶ÔÏóʱµÄÀàÃû×Ö¿Õ¼äÖÐËùÓеÄÃû×Ö¡£
ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÏóÏÂÃæÕâÑù¶¨ÒåÀࣺ
class MyClass:
"A simple example class"
i = 12345
def f(x):
return 'hello world'
ÔòMyClass.iºÍMyClass.f¶¼ÊÇÓÐЧµÄÊôÐÔÒýÓ㬷ֱ𷵻ØÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öº¯Êý¶ÔÏó¡£Ò²
¿ÉÒÔ¶ÔÀàÊôÐÔ¸³Öµ£¬ËùÒÔÄã¿ÉÒÔ¶ÔMyClass.i¸³Öµ¶ø¸Ä±ä¸ÃÊôÐÔµÄÖµ¡£
__doc__Ò²ÊÇÒ»¸öÓÐЧµÄÊôÐÔ£¬ËüÊÇÖ»¶ÁµÄ£¬·µ»ØÀàµÄÎĵµ×Ö·û´®£º¡°A simple exampl
e class¡±¡£
ÀàʵÀý»¯Ê¹Óú¯Êý¼ÇºÅ¡£Ö»Òª°ÑÕâ¸öÀà¶ÔÏó¿´³ÉÊÇÒ»¸öûÓÐ×Ô±äÁ¿µÄº¯Êý£¬·µ»ØÒ»¸öÀà
ʵÀý¡£ÀýÈ磨¼ÙÉèʹÓÃÉÏÃæµÄÀࣩ£º
x = MyClass()
¿ÉÒÔÉú³É¸ÃÀàµÄÒ»¸öÐÂʵÀý²¢°ÑʵÀý¶ÔÏ󸳸ø¾Ö²¿±äÁ¿x¡£¡¡
9.3.3 ʵÀý¶ÔÏó
¡¡ÎÒÃÇÈçºÎʹÓÃʵÀý¶ÔÏóÄØ£¿ÀàʵÀýÖ»¶®µÃÊôÐÔÒýÓÃÕâÒ»ÖÖ²Ù×÷¡£ÓÐÁ½ÀàÓÐЧµÄÊôÐÔ¡£
¡¡
µÚÒ»ÀàÊôÐÔ½Ð×öÊý¾ÝÊôÐÔ¡£Êý¾ÝÊôÐÔÏ൱ÓÚSmalltalkÖеġ°ÊµÀý±äÁ¿¡±£¬ºÍC++Öеġ°
Êý¾Ý³ÉÔ±¡±¡£Êý¾Ý³ÉÔ±²»ÐèÒªÉùÃ÷£¬Ò²²»ÐèÒªÔÚÀඨÒåÖÐÒѾ´æÔÚ£¬Ïó¾Ö²¿±äÁ¿Ò»Ñù£¬
Ö»ÒªÒ»¸³ÖµËü¾Í²úÉúÁË¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûxÊÇÉÏÃæµÄMyClassÀàµÄÒ»¸öʵÀý£¬ÔòÏÂÃæµÄÀý×Ó½«
ÏÔʾֵ16¶ø²»»áÁôÏÂÈκκۼ££º
x.counter = 1
while x.counter < 10:
x.counter = x.counter * 2
print x.counter
del x.counter
ÀàʵÀýÄÜÀí½âµÄµÚ¶þÀàÊôÐÔÒýÓÃÊÇ·½·¨¡£·½·¨ÊÇ¡°ÊôÓÚ¡±Ò»¸ö¶ÔÏóµÄº¯Êý¡££¨ÔÚPython
ÖУ¬·½·¨²¢²»ÊÇÖ»ÓÃÓÚÀàʵÀýµÄ£ºÆäËü¶ÔÏóÀàÐÍÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓз½·¨£¬ÀýÈ磬Áбí¶ÔÏóÒ²ÓÐap
pend¡¢insert ¡¢remove¡¢sortµÈ·½·¨¡£²»¹ý£¬ÔÚÕâÀï³ý·ÇÌرð˵Ã÷ÎÒÃÇÓ÷½·¨À´ÌØÖ¸Àà
ʵÀý¶ÔÏóµÄ·½·¨£©¡£
Àà¶ÔÏóµÄÓÐЧ·½·¨ÃûÒÀÀµÓÚËüµÄÀà¡£°´ÕÕ¶¨Ò壬ÀàµÄËùÓÐÀàÐÍΪº¯Êý¶ÔÏóÊôÐÔ¶¨ÒåÁËÆä
ʵÀýµÄ¶ÔÓ¦·½·¨¡£ËùÒÔÔÚÎÒÃǵÄÀý×Óy£¬x.fÊÇÒ»¸öÓÐЧµÄ·½·¨ÒýÓã¬ÒòΪMyClassÊÇÒ»¸ö
º¯Êý£»x.i ²»ÊÇ·½·¨ÒýÓã¬ÒòΪMyClass.i²»ÊÇ¡£µ«ÊÇx.fºÍMyClass.f²»ÊÇͬһ¸ö¶«Î÷¨D
¨Dx.fÊÇÒ»¸ö·½·¨¶ÔÏó¶ø²»ÊÇÒ»¸öº¯Êý¶ÔÏó¡£
9.3.4 ·½·¨¶ÔÏó
¡¡·½·¨Ò»°ãÊÇÖ±½Óµ÷Óõģ¬ÀýÈ磺
x.f()
ÔÚÎÒÃǵÄÀý×ÓÖУ¬Õ⽫·µ»Ø×Ö·û´®¡®hello world¡¯¡£È»¶ø£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ²»Ö±½Óµ÷Ó÷½·¨£ºx
.f ÊÇÒ»¸ö·½·¨¶ÔÏ󣬿ÉÒÔ°ÑËü±£´æÆðÀ´ÔÙµ÷Óá£ÀýÈ磺
xf = x.f
while 1:
print xf()
»á²»Í£µØÏÔʾ¡°hello world¡±¡£¡¡
µ÷Ó÷½·¨Ê±µ½µ×·¢ÉúÁËʲôÄØ£¿Äã¿ÉÄÜÒѾעÒâµ½x.f()µ÷ÓÃûÓÐ×Ô±äÁ¿£¬¶øº¯ÊýfÔÚµ÷
ÓÃʱÓÐÒ»¸ö×Ô±äÁ¿¡£ÄǸö×Ô±äÁ¿ÊÇÔõô»ØÊ£¿PythonÈç¹ûµ÷ÓÃÒ»¸öÐèÒª×Ô±äÁ¿µÄº¯Êýʱ
ºöÂÔ×Ô±äÁ¿¿Ï¶¨»á²úÉúÀýÍâ´íÎó¨D¨D¼´Ê¹ÄǸö×Ô±äÁ¿²»ÐèÒªÓõ½¡¡
ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Äã¿ÉÒԲ³ö´ð°¸£º·½·¨Ó뺯ÊýµÄÇø±ðÔÚÓÚ¶ÔÏó×÷Ϊ·½·¨µÄµÚÒ»¸ö×Ô±äÁ¿×Ô¶¯´«
µÝ¸ø·½·¨¡£ÔÚÎÒÃǵÄÀý×ÓÖУ¬µ÷ÓÃx.f()µÈ¼ÛÓÚµ÷ÓÃMyClass.f(x)¡£Ò»°ãµØ£¬ÓÃn¸ö×Ô±ä
Á¿µÄÈ¥µ÷Ó÷½·¨µÈ¼ÛÓÚ°Ñ·½·¨ËùÊô¶ÔÏó²åÈëµ½µÚÒ»¸ö×Ô±äÁ¿Ç°ÃæÒÔºóµ÷ÓöÔÓ¦º¯Êý¡£
Èç¹ûÄ㻹²»Àí½â·½·¨ÊÇÈçºÎ¹¤×÷µÄ£¬¿´Ò»¿´·½·¨µÄʵÏÖ¿ÉÄÜ»áÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£ÔÚÒýÓ÷ÇÊý¾Ý
ÊôÐÔµÄʵÀýÊôÐÔʱ£¬½«ËÑË÷ËüµÄÀà¡£Èç¹û¸ÃÊôÐÔÃûÊÇÒ»¸öÓÐЧµÄº¯Êý¶ÔÏ󣬾ÍÉú³ÉÒ»¸ö
·½·¨¶ÔÏ󣬰ÑʵÀý¶ÔÏ󣨵ÄÖ¸Õ룩ºÍº¯Êý¶ÔÏó°ü×°µ½Ò»Æð£ºÕâ¾ÍÊÇ·½·¨¶ÔÏó¡£µ±·½·¨¶Ô
ÏóÓÃÒ»¸ö×Ô±äÁ¿±íµ÷ÓÃʱ£¬ËüÔÙ±»´ò¿ª°ü×°£¬ÓÉʵÀý¶ÔÏóºÍÔ×Ô±äÁ¿±í×éºÏÆðÀ´ÐγÉÐÂ
×Ô±äÁ¿±í£¬ÓÃÕâ¸öÐÂ×Ô±äÁ¿±íµ÷Óú¯Êý¡£
9.4 һЩ˵Ã÷
ÔÚÃû×ÖÏàͬʱÊý¾ÝÊôÐԻḲ¸Ç·½·¨ÊôÐÔ£»ÎªÁ˱ÜÃâżȻµÄÃû×Ö³åÍ»£¬ÕâÔÚ´óÐͳÌÐòÖлá
Ôì³ÉÄÑÒÔ²éÕҵĴíÎó£¬×îºÃ°´Ä³ÖÖÃüÃû¹ßÀýÀ´Çø·Ö·½·¨ÃûºÍÊý¾ÝÃû£¬ÀýÈ磬ËùÓз½·¨Ãû
Óôóд×Öĸ¿ªÍ·£¬ËùÓÐÊý¾ÝÊôÐÔÃûÇ°ÓÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ×Ö·û´®¿ªÍ·£¨»òÕßÖ»ÊÇÒ»¸öÏ»®Ïߣ©
£¬»ò·½·¨ÃûÓö¯´Ê¶øÊý¾ÝÃûÓÃÃû´Ê¡£
Êý¾ÝÊôÐÔ¿ÉÒÔ±»·½·¨ÒýÓÃÒ²¿ÉÒÔ±»ÆÕͨÓû§£¨¡°¿Í»§¡±£©ÒýÓ᣻»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬À಻ÄÜÓÃÀ´
¹¹Ôì³éÏóÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬PythonÖÐûÓÐÈκΰ취¿ÉÒÔÇ¿ÖƽøÐÐÊý¾ÝÒþ²Ø¡ª¡ªÕâЩ¶¼
ÊÇ»ùÓÚ¹ßÀý¡££¨ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬PythonµÄʵÏÖÊÇÓÃCдµÄ£¬Ëü¿ÉÒÔÍêÈ«Òþ²ØʵÏÖϸ½Ú£¬±ØҪʱ
¿ÉÒÔ¿ØÖƶÔÏó´æÈ¡£»ÓÃCдµÄPythonÀ©Õ¹Ä£¿éÒ²ÓÐͬÑùÌØÐÔ£©¡£
¿Í»§Òª×Ô¼ºÐ¡ÐÄʹÓÃÊý¾ÝÊôÐÔ¡ª¡ª¿Í»§¿ÉÄÜ»áÒòΪËæÒâ¸ü¸ÄÀà¶ÔÏóµÄÊý¾ÝÊôÐÔ¶øÆÆ»µÓÉ
Àà·½·¨Î¬»¤µÄÀàÊý¾ÝµÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔ¡£×¢Òâ¿Í»§Ö»Òª×¢Òâ±ÜÃâÃû×Ö³åÍ»¿ÉÒÔÈÎÒâΪʵÀý¶ÔÏóÔö
¼ÓÐÂÊý¾ÝÊôÐÔ¶ø²»ÐèÓ°Ïìµ½·½·¨µÄÓÐЧÐÔ¡ª¡ªÕâÀÓÐЧµÄÃüÃû¹ßÀý¿ÉÒÔÊ¡È¥Ðí¶àÂé·³
¡£
´Ó·½·¨ÄÚÒª·ÃÎʱ¾¶ÔÏóµÄÊý¾ÝÊôÐÔ£¨»òÆäËü·½·¨£©Ã»ÓÐÒ»¸ö¼òдµÄ°ì·¨¡£ÎÒÈÏΪÕâÊÂʵ
ÉÏÔö¼ÓÁ˳ÌÐòµÄ¿É¶ÁÐÔ£ºÔÚ·½·¨¶¨ÒåÖв»»á»ìÏý¾Ö²¿±äÁ¿ºÍʵÀý±äÁ¿¡£
Ï°¹ßÉÏ£¬·½·¨µÄµÚÒ»×Ô±äÁ¿½Ð×öself¡£ÕâÖ»²»¹ýÊÇÒ»¸öÏ°¹ßÓ÷¨£ºÃû×ÖselfÔÚPythonÖÐ
ûÓÐÈκÎÌØÊâÒâÒå¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÒòΪÓû§¶¼Ê¹Óô˹ßÀý£¬ËùÒÔÎ¥±³´Ë¹ßÀý¿ÉÄÜʹÆäËüPython
³ÌÐòÔ±²»ÈÝÒ׶ÁÄãµÄ³ÌÐò£¬¿ÉÒÔÏëÏóijЩÀàä¯ÀÀ³ÌÐò»áÒÀÀµÓڴ˹ßÀý£©¡£
×÷ΪÀàÊôÐÔµÄÈκκ¯Êý¶ÔÏó¶¼Îª¸ÃÀàµÄʵÀý¶¨ÒåÒ»¸ö·½·¨¡£º¯ÊýµÄ¶¨Òå²»Ò»¶¨±ØÐëÔÚÀà
¶¨ÒåÄÚ²¿£ºÖ»ÒªÔÚÀàÄÚ°ÑÒ»¸öº¯Êý¶ÔÏ󸳸øÒ»¸ö¾Ö²¿±äÁ¿¾Í¿ÉÒÔÁË¡£ÀýÈ磺
# Function defined outside the class
def f1(self, x, y):
return min(x, x+y)
¡¡
class C:
f = f1
def g(self):
return 'hello world'
h = g
ÏÖÔÚf¡¢gºÍh¶¼ÊÇÀàCµÄÊôÐÔÇÒÖ¸Ïòº¯Êý¶ÔÏó£¬ËùÒÔËüÃǶ¼ÊÇCµÄʵÀýµÄ·½·¨¡ª¡ªÆäÖÐhÓë
g ÍêÈ«µÈ¼Û¡£×¢ÒâÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸Ã±ÜÃâÕâÖÖÓ÷¨ÒÔÃâÎ󵼶ÁÕß¡£
¡¡·½·¨¿ÉÒÔÓôú±íËùÊô¶ÔÏóµÄself×Ô±äÁ¿À´ÒýÓñ¾ÀàÆäËüµÄ·½·¨£¬È磺
class Bag:
def empty(self):
self.data = []
def add(self, x):
self.data.append(x)
def addtwice(self, x):
self.add(x)
self.add(x)
ʵÀý»¯²Ù×÷£¨¡°µ÷Óá±Ò»¸öÀà¶ÔÏó£©Éú³ÉÒ»¸ö¿Õ¶ÔÏó¡£Ðí¶àÀàÒªÇóÉú³É¾ßÓÐÒÑÖª³õʶ״
̬µÄÀࡣΪ´Ë£¬Àà¿ÉÒÔ¶¨ÒåÒ»¸öÌØÊâµÄ½Ð×ö__init__()µÄ·½·¨£¬È磺
def __init__(self):
self.empty()
Ò»¸öÀඨÒåÁË__init__()·½·¨ÒÔºó£¬ÀàʵÀý»¯Ê±¾Í»á×Ô¶¯ÎªÐÂÉú³ÉµÄÀàʵÀýµ÷Óõ÷ÓÃ__
init__() ·½·¨¡£ËùÒÔÔÚBagÀý×ÓÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃÈçϳÌÐòÉú³Éеijõʼ»¯µÄʵÀý£º
x = Bag()
µ±È»£¬__init__()·½·¨¿ÉÒÔÓÐ×Ô±äÁ¿£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔʵÏÖ¸ü´óµÄÁé»îÐÔ¡£ÔÚÕâÑùµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬
ÀàʵÀý»¯Ê±Ö¸¶¨µÄ×Ô±äÁ¿±»´«µÝ¸ø__init__()·½·¨¡£ÀýÈ磺
>>> class Complex:
... def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart):
... self.r = realpart
... self.i = imagpart
...
>>> x = Complex(3.0,-4.5)
>>> x.r, x.i
(3.0, -4.5)
·½·¨¿ÉÒÔºÍÆÕͨº¯ÊýÒ»ÑùµØÒýÓÃÈ«¾ÖÃû×Ö¡£·½·¨µÄÈ«¾Ö×÷ÓÃÓòÊÇ°üº¬ÀඨÒåµÄÄ£¿é¡££¨
×¢ÒâÀà±¾Éí²¢²»±»ÓÃ×÷È«¾Ö×÷ÓÃÓò£¡£©ËäÈ»ÎÒÃǺÜÉÙÐèÒªÔÚ·½·¨ÖÐʹÓÃÈ«¾ÖÊý¾Ý£¬È«¾Ö
×÷ÓÃÓò»¹ÊÇÓÐÐí¶àºÏ·¨µÄÓÃ;£ºÀýÈ磬µ¼ÈëÈ«¾Ö×÷ÓÃÓòµÄº¯ÊýºÍÄ£¿é¿ÉÒÔ±»·½·¨Ê¹Óã¬
ÔÚͬһģ¿éÖж¨ÒåµÄº¯ÊýºÍ·½·¨Ò²¿ÉÒÔ±»·½·¨Ê¹Óᣰüº¬´Ë·½·¨µÄÀàÒ»°ãÒ²ÔÚ´ËÈ«¾Ö×÷
ÓÃÓòÖж¨Ò壬ÏÂÒ»½ÚÎÒÃǻῴµ½Ò»¸ö·½·¨ÎªÊ²Ã´ÐèÒªÒýÓÃ×Ô¼ºµÄÀ࣡
9.5 ¼Ì³Ð
µ±È»£¬Ò»¸öÓïÑÔÈç¹û²»Ö§³Ö¼Ì³Ð¾Í̸²»µ½¡°Àࡱ¡£µ¼³öÀàµÄ¶¨Òå·½·¨ÈçÏ£º
class µ¼³öÀàÃû(»ùÀàÃû):
<Óï¾ä-1>
.
.
.
<Óï¾ä-N>
ÆäÖС°»ùÀàÃû¡±±ØÐëÔÚ°üº¬µ¼³öÀඨÒåµÄ×÷ÓÃÓòÖÐÓж¨Òå¡£³ýÁ˸ø³ö»ùÀàÃûÍ⣬»¹¿ÉÒÔ
¸ø³öÒ»¸ö±í´ïʽ£¬ÔÚ»ùÀඨÒåÓÚÆäËüÄ£¿éÖÐʱÕâÊÇÓÐÓõģ¬È磺
class µ¼³öÀàÃû (Ä£¿éÃû.»ùÀàÃû):
µ¼³öÀඨÒåµÄÔËÐкͻùÀàÔËÐеķ½·¨ÊÇÒ»ÑùµÄ¡£Éú³ÉÀà¶ÔÏóÊÇ£¬»ùÀà±»¼ÇÒä¡£ÕâÓÃÓÚ½â
¾öÊôÐÔÒýÓãºÈç¹ûÀàÖÐδÕÒµ½ÒªÇóµÄÊôÐԾ͵½»ùÀàÖÐÈ¥²éÕÒ¡£Èç¹û»ùÀ໹ÓлùÀàµÄ»°Õâ
¸ö¹æÔòµÝ¹éµØÓ¦Óõ½¸ü¸ßµÄÀà¡£
µ¼³öÀàÔÚʵÀý»¯Ê±Ã»ÓÐÈκÎÌØÊâ¹æÔò¡£¡°µ¼³öÀàÃû()¡±²úÉú¸ÃÀàµÄÒ»¸öÐÂʵÀý¡£·½·¨Òý
ÓÃÕâÑù½â¾ö£ºËÑË÷ÏàÓ¦ÀàÊôÐÔ£¬Èç¹û±ØÒªµÄ»°Öð¼¶Ïò»ùÀà²éÕÒ£¬Èç¹ûÕÒµ½ÁËÒ»¸öº¯Êý¶Ô
Ïó¾ÍÊÇÓÐЧµÄ·½·¨ÒýÓá£
µ¼³öÀà¿ÉÒÔÖØд»ùÀàµÄ·½·¨¡£ÒòΪ·½·¨ÔÚµ÷ÓÃͬһ¶ÔÏóµÄÆäËü·½·¨Ê±²¢ÎÞÈκÎÌØÊâȨÏÞ
£¬Èç¹û»ùÀàÖÐijһ·½·¨µ÷ÓÃͬһ»ùÀàµÄÁíÒ»·½·¨£¬ÔÚµ¼³öÀàÖи÷½·¨µ÷ÓõľͿÉÄÜÊÇÒÑ
¾±»µ¼³öÀàÖØдºóµÄ·½·¨ÁË¡££¨¶ÔC£«£«³ÌÐòÔ±¶øÑÔ£ºPythonÖÐËùÓз½·¨¶¼ÊÇ¡°ÐéÄ⺯Êý
¡±£©¡£
µ¼³öÀàÖÐÖØдµÄ·½·¨¿ÉÄÜÊÇÐèÒªÀ©³ä»ùÀàµÄͬÃû·½·¨¶ø²»ÊÇÍêÈ«´úÌæÔÀ´µÄ·½·¨¡£µ¼³ö
Ààµ÷ÓûùÀàͬÃû·½·¨ºÜ¼òµ¥£º¡°»ùÀàÃû.·½·¨Ãû(self, ×Ô±äÁ¿±í)¡±¡£¶ÔÀàÓû§ÕâÖÖ×ö·¨
ż¶ûÒ²ÊÇÓÐÓõġ££¨×¢ÒâÖ»ÓлùÀàÔÚͬһȫ¾Ö×÷ÓÃÓò¶¨Òå»òµ¼Èëʱ²ÅÄÜÕâÑùÓã©¡£
8.5.1 ¶àÖؼ̳Ð
PythonÒ²Ö§³ÖÓÐÏ޵ĶàÖؼ̳С£Óжà¸ö»ùÀàµÄÀඨÒå¸ñʽÈçÏ£º
class µ¼³öÀàÃû (»ùÀà1, »ùÀà2, »ùÀà3):
<Óï¾ä-1>
.
.
.
<Óï¾ä-N>
¹ØÓÚ¶àÖؼ̳ÐÖ»ÐèÒª½âÊÍÈçºÎ½â¾öÀàÊôÐÔÒýÓá£ÀàÊôÐÔÒýÓÃÊÇÉî¶ÈÓÅÏÈ£¬´Ó×óÏòÓÒ½øÐÐ
µÄ¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÔÚµ¼³öÀඨÒåÖÐδÕÒµ½Ä³¸öÊôÐÔ£¬¾ÍÏÈÔÚ»ùÀà1ÖвéÕÒ£¬È»ºó£¨µÝ¹éµØ£©
ÔÚ»ùÀà1 µÄ»ùÀàÖвéÕÒ£¬Èç¹û¶¼Ã»ÓÐÕÒµ½£¬¾ÍÔÚ»ùÀà2ÖвéÕÒ£¬Èç´Ë½øÐÐÏÂÈ¥¡£
£¨¶ÔijЩÈËÀ´Ëµ¿í¶ÈÓÅÏÈ¡ª¡ªÏÈÔÚ»ùÀà2ºÍ»ùÀà3ÖвéÕÒÔÙµ½»ùÀà1µÄ»ùÀàÖвéÕÒ¡ª¡ª¿´Æð
À´¸ü×ÔÈ»¡£È»¶ø£¬ÕâÐèÒªÄãÔÚÈ·¶¨»ùÀà1Óë»ùÀà2µÄÊôÐÔ³åͻʱÃ÷È·ÖªµÀÕâ¸öÊôÐÔÊÇÔÚ»ù
Àà1±¾Éí¶¨Ò廹ÊÇÔÚÆä»ùÀàÖж¨Òå¡£Éî¶ÈÓÅÏȹæÔò²»Çø·Ö»ùÀà1µÄÒ»¸öÊôÐÔµ½µ×ÊÇÖ±½Ó¶¨
ÒåµÄ»¹ÊǼ̳ÐÀ´µÄ£©¡£
ºÜÏÔÈ»£¬Èç¹û²»¼ÓÔ¼ÊøµØʹÓöàÖؼ̳лáÔì³É³ÌÐòά»¤µÄ¶ñÃΣ¬ÒòΪPython±ÜÃâÃû×Ö³å
ͻֻ¿¿Ï°¹ßÔ¼¶¨¡£¶àÖؼ̳еÄÒ»¸öÖÚËùÖÜÖªµÄÎÊÌâÊǵ±µ¼³öÀàÓÐÁ½¸ö»ùÀàÇ¡ºÃ´Óͬһ¸ö
»ùÀർ³öµÄ¡£¾¡¹ÜºÜÈÝÒ×Ïëµ½ÕâÖÖÇé¿öµÄºó¹û£¨ÊµÀýÖ»ÓÐÒ»·Ý¡°ÊµÀý±äÁ¿¡±»òÊý¾ÝÊôÐÔ
±»¹²Í¬µÄ»ùÀàʹÓã©£¬µ«ÊÇÕâÖÖ×ö·¨ÓÐʲôÓô¦È´ÊDz»Çå³þµÄ¡£
9.6 ˽ÓбäÁ¿
Python¶Ô˽ÓÐÀà³ÉÔ±Óв¿·ÖÖ§³Ö¡£ÈκÎÏó__spamÕâÑùÐÎʽµÄ±êʶ·û£¨ÖÁÉÙÓÐÁ½¸öÇ°µ¼ÏÂ
»®Ïߣ¬ÖÁ¶àÓÐÒ»¸ö½áβÏ»®Ïߣ©Ä¿Ç°±»Ìæ»»³É_classname__spam£¬ÆäÖÐclassnameÊÇËùÊô
ÀàÃûÈ¥µôÇ°µ¼Ï»®ÏߵĽá¹û¡£ÕâÖÖ½ÁÂÒ²»¹Ü±êʶ·ûµÄÓ﷨λÖã¬ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´¶¨ÒåÀà˽
ÓеÄʵÀý¡¢±äÁ¿¡¢·½·¨£¬ÒÔ¼°È«¾Ö±äÁ¿£¬ÉõÖÁÓÚ±£´æ¶ÔÓÚ´ËÀàÊÇ˽ÓеÄÆäËüÀàµÄʵÀý¡£
Èç¹û½ÁÂÒµÄÃû×Ö³¬¹ý255¸ö×Ö·û¿ÉÄܻᷢÉú½Ø¶Ï¡£ÔÚÀàÍâÃæ»òÀàÃûÖ»ÓÐÏ»®Ïßʱ²»½øÐнÁ
ÂÒ¡£
Ãû×Ö½ÁÂÒµÄÄ¿µÄÊǸøÀàÒ»ÖÖ¶¨Ò塰˽ÓС±ÊµÀý±äÁ¿ºÍ·½·¨µÄ¼òµ¥·½·¨£¬²»Ðèµ£ÐÄËüµÄÆä
ËüÀà»á¶¨ÒåͬÃû±äÁ¿£¬Ò²²»ÅÂÀàÍâµÄ´úÂëŪÂÒʵÀýµÄ±äÁ¿¡£×¢Òâ½ÁÂÒ¹æÔòÖ÷ÒªÊÇΪÁ˱Ü
ÃâżȻµÄ´íÎó£¬Èç¹ûÄãÒ»¶¨Ïë×öµÄ»°ÈÔÈ»¿ÉÒÔ·ÃÎÊ»òÐÞ¸Ä˽ÓбäÁ¿¡£ÕâÉõÖÁÊÇÓÐÓõģ¬
±ÈÈçµ÷ÊÔ³ÌÐòÒªÓõ½Ë½ÓбäÁ¿£¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇΪʲôÕâ¸ö©¶´Ã»ÓжÂÉϵÄÒ»¸öÔÒò¡££¨Ð¡´íÎó
£ºµ¼³öÀàºÍ»ùÀàÈ¡ÏàͬµÄÃû×־ͿÉÒÔʹÓûùÀàµÄ˽ÓбäÁ¿£©¡£
×¢Òâ´«µÝ¸øexec£¬eval()»òevalfile()µÄ´úÂë²»»áÈÏΪµ÷ÓÃËüÃǵÄÀàµÄÀàÃûÊǵ±Ç°À࣬
ÕâÓëglobalÓï¾äµÄÇé¿öÀàËÆ£¬globalµÄ×÷ÓþÖÏÞÓÚÒ»Æð×Ö½Ú±àÒëµÄ´úÂ롣ͬÑùµÄÏÞÖÆÒ²
ÊÊÓÃÓÚgetattr() £¬setattr()ºÍdelattr()£¬ÒÔ¼°Ö±½Ó·ÃÎÊ__dict__µÄʱºò¡£
ÏÂÃæÀý×ÓÖеÄÀàʵÏÖÁË×Ô¼ºµÄ__getattr__ºÍ__setattr__·½·¨£¬°ÑËùÓÐÊôÐÔ±£´æÔÚÒ»¸ö
˽ÓбäÁ¿ÖУ¬ÕâÔÚPythonµÄоɰ汾Öж¼ÊÇ¿ÉÐеģº
class VirtualAttributes:
__vdict = None
__vdict_name = locals().keys()[0]
def __init__(self):
self.__dict__[self.__vdict_name] = {}
def __getattr__(self, name):
return self.__vdict[name]
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
self.__vdict[name] = value
9.7 ²¹³ä
ÓÐʱÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÓÐÒ»ÖÖÀàËÆPascalµÄ¡°record¡±»òCµÄ¡°struct¡±µÄÀàÐÍ£¬¿ÉÒ԰Ѽ¸¸öÓÐÃû
µÄÊý¾ÝÏî×éºÏÔÚÒ»Æð¡£Ò»¸ö¿ÕÀà¿ÉÒԺܺõØÂú×ãÕâ¸öÐèÒª£¬È磺
class Employee:
pass
¡¡
john = Employee() # Éú³ÉÒ»¸ö¿ÕÖ°Ô±¼Ç¼
¡¡
# Ìî³ä¼Ç¼µÄ¸÷¸öÓò
john.name = 'John Doe'
john.dept = 'computer lab'
john.salary = 1000
Ò»¶ÎÐèÒªÒÔijÖÖ³éÏóÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ×÷ΪÊäÈëµÄPython³ÌÐò¾³£¿ÉÒÔ½ÓÊÜÒ»¸öÀà×÷ΪÊäÈ룬¸Ã
ÀàÖ»ÊÇÄ£·ÂÁËÓ¦ÊäÈëµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐ͵ķ½·¨¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÄãÓÐÒ»¸öº¯ÊýÊÇÓÃÀ´¸ñʽ»¯Ò»¸öÎÄ
¼þ¶ÔÏóÖеÄÊý¾Ý£¬¾Í¿ÉÒ»¸ö¶¨ÒåÒ»¸ö¾ßÓз½·¨read()ºÍreadline()µÄÀ࣬¸ÃÀà¿ÉÒÔ²»´Ó
ÎļþÊäÈë¶øÊÇ´ÓÒ»¸ö×Ö·û´®»º³åÇøÊäÈ룬°ÑÕâ¸öÀà×÷Ϊ×Ô±äÁ¿¡£
¡¡ÊµÀý·½·¨¶ÔÏóÒ²ÓÐÊôÐÔ£ºm.im_selfÊÇ·½·¨ËùÊôµÄʵÀý£¬m.im_funcÊÇ·½·¨¶ÔÓ¦µÄº¯Êý
¶ÔÏ󡣡¡
9.7.1 ÀýÍâ¿ÉÒÔÊÇÀà
Óû§×Ô¶¨ÒåµÄÀýÍâ³ýÁË¿ÉÒÔÊÇ×Ö·û´®¶ÔÏóÒÔÍ⻹¿ÉÒÔÊÇÀà¡£ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ¶¨Òå¿ÉÀ©³äµÄ·Ö²ã
µÄÀàÀýÍâ½á¹¹¡£
raiseÓï¾äÓÐÁ½ÖÖеÄÓÐЧ¸ñʽ£º
raise Àà, ʵÀý
¡¡
raise ʵÀý
ÔÚµÚÒ»ÖÖÐÎʽÖУ¬¡°ÊµÀý¡±±ØÐëÊÇ¡°ÀࡱµÄʵÀý»ò¡°ÀࡱµÄµ¼³öÀàµÄʵÀý¡£µÚ¶þÖÖÐÎʽ
ÊÇ
raise instance.__class__, instance
µÄ¼òд¡£exceptÓï¾ä³ýÁË¿ÉÒÔÁгö×Ö·û´®¶ÔÏóÍâÒ²¿ÉÒÔÁгöÀà¡£execpt×Ó¾äÖÐÁгöµÄÀà
Èç¹ûÊÇ·¢ÉúµÄÀýÍâÀà»ò»ùÀàÔòÊÇÆ¥ÅäµÄ£¨·´¹ýÀ´²»¶Ô¡ª¡ªexceptÖÐÈç¹ûÊǵ¼³öÀà¶ø·¢Éú
µÄÀýÍâÊôÓÚ»ùÀàʱÊDz»Æ¥ÅäµÄ£©¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄ³ÌÐò»áÏÔʾB¡¢C¡¢D£º
class B:
pass
class C(B):
pass
class D(C):
pass
¡¡
for c in [B, C, D]:
try:
raise c()
except D:
print "D"
except C:
print "C"
except B:
print "B"
×¢ÒâÈç¹û°Ñexcept×Ó¾äµÄ´ÎÐòµßµ¹¹ýÀ´µÄ»°£¨¡°except B¡±·ÅÔÚ×îÇ°£©£¬³ÌÐò½«ÏÔʾB£¬
B £¬B¡ª¡ªÒòΪµÚÒ»¸öÆ¥ÅäµÄexcept×Ӿ䱻Òý·¢¡£
µ±Ã»Óд¦ÀíµÄÀýÍâÊÇÀàµÄʱºò£¬ÀàÃûÏÔʾÔÚ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÖУ¬ºóÃæ¸ú×ÅÒ»¸öðºÅºÍÒ»¸ö¿Õ¸ñ
£¬×îºóÊÇʵÀýÓÃÄÚÖú¯Êýstr()ת»»³É×Ö·û´®µÄ½á¹û¡£
µÚʮՠ½øÒ»²½Ñ§Ï°
¡¡Ï£Íûͨ¹ýÕâ¸öÈëÃſγ̵ÄѧϰÔöÇ¿ÁËÄã¶ÔʹÓÃPythonµÄÐËȤ¡£ÏÂÒ»²½Ôõô°ìÄØ£¿¡¡
Äã¿ÉÒÔ½øÒ»²½È¥¶Á¡¶¿â²Î¿¼Êֲᡷ£¬¸ÃÊÖ²á¶ÔÀàÐÍ¡¢º¯Êý¡¢Ä£¿éµÈ¸ø³öÁËÍêÕûµÄ£¨¾¡¹Ü
±È½Ï¼ò¶Ì£©²Î¿¼²ÄÁÏ£¬¿ÉÒÔ½ÚÊ¡ÄãдPython³ÌÐòʱµÄ´óÁ¿Ê±¼ä¡£±ê×¼PythonÈí¼þ°üÀ¨ÁË
´óÁ¿µÄC ºÍPythonµÄ´úÂ룬ÓжÁÈ¡UnixÐÅÏäµÄ£¬ÓÃHTTP½ÓÊÕÎĵµµÄ£¬Éú³ÉËæ»úÊýµÄ£¬½â
ÎöÃüÁîÐÐÑ¡ÏîµÄ£¬Ð´CGI³ÌÐòµÄ£¬Ñ¹ËõÊý¾ÝµÄ£¬µÈµÈÐí¶à¹¦ÄÜ£»´ÖÂÔ¿´Ò»¿´¿â²Î¿¼ÊÖ²á¾Í
¿ÉÒÔÖªµÀÓÐÄÇЩÄÚÈÝ¡£
PythonµÄÖ÷ÍøÕ¾ÊÇhttp://www.python.org£¬ÕâÀïÓгÌÐò´úÂë¡¢Îĵµ¼°ÓÐPythonÏà¹ØµÄÆä />
ËüÍøÒ³µÄÐÅÏ¢¡£Õâ¸öÍøÕ¾ÔÚÊÀ½çÉÏÐí¶àµØ·½ÓоµÏñ£¬ÀýÈçÅ·ÖÞ¡¢ÈÕ±¾¡¢°Ä´óÀûÑÇ£¬·ÃÎÊ
¾àÀë½üµÄ¾µÏñÍøÕ¾¿ÉÄܱȷÃÎÊÖ÷ÍøÕ¾¿ì¡£»¹ÓÐÒ»¸ö·ÇÕýʽµÄÍøÕ¾ÊÇ http://starship.s />
kyport.net £¬°üº¬ÁËһϵÁÐÓйØPythonµÄ¸öÈËÍøÒ³£¬Ðí¶àÈËÔÚÕâÀï·ÅÁË¿ÉÏÂÔصÄÈí¼þ¡£
¶ÔÓÚ¹ØÓÚPythonµÄÎÊÌâ¼°´íÎ󱨸棬¿ÉÒÔÏòcomp.lang.pythonÐÂÎÅ×éͶ¸å£¬»òÏòpython
[email protected] Óʼþ±í·¢Óʼþ¡£¸ÃÐÂÎÅ×éºÍÓʼþ±íÊÇ»¥Ïàת·¢µÄ£¬ËùÒÔÏòÆäÖÐÒ»¸ö·¢ÐÅ»á
×Ô¶¯×ª¼Äµ½ÁíÒ»¸ö¡£Ã¿ÌìÓÐ35£45·ÝÓʼþ£¬ÓÐÎÊ£¨´ð£©ÎÊÌâµÄ¡¢½¨Òéй¦Äܵġ¢ÉùÃ÷ÐÂ
Ä£¿éµÄ¡£ÔÚ·¢ÐÅÇ°Ó¦¸ÃÏȲéÔÄ http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html´¦µÄ³£¼ûÎÊÌâ±í />
£¨FAQ£©£¬»òÔÚPythonÈí¼þµÄMisc/ ×ÓĿ¼ÖÐÑ°ÕÒ¸ÃÎļþ¡£¸ÃFAQ»Ø´ðÁËÐí¶à·´¸´³öÏÖµÄ
ÎÊÌ⣬¿ÉÄÜÒѾÓÐÁËÄãµÄÎÊÌâµÄ´ð°¸¡£
Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý¼ÓÈëPythonÈí¼þ»î¶¯À´Ö§³ÖPythonÍÅÌ壬¸ÃÍÅÌ帺Ôðpython.orgÍøÕ¾¡¢ftpºÍ
µç×ÓÓʼþ·þÎñÆ÷£¬²¢×éÖ¯PythonÑÐÌÖ°à¡£¹ØÓÚÈçºÎ¼ÓÈë²Î¼û http://www.python.org/p />
sa/¡£
]
|
×·Ìù: |
|